ࡱ > Z \ S T U V W X Y q` F bjbjqPqP : : : % f
f
f
v
8 ' N "
3 M Y
' ' ' ' ' ' ' $ z* h , 3' 3 3 3 3 3 3'
) H' J ` ` ` 3 !
&
;% ` 3
' ` ` P S
B }] T t ' T ' G - W - S - S 4 a
` % $ + a a a 3' 3' A` v a a a ' 3 3 3 3 $
THE MID-TERM EVALUATION REPORT OF THE LIVELIHOOD RECOVERY PROGRAM (LRP) IN PUNTLAND
Submitted to CARESomalia/Southern Sudan
By
Hussein A. Mahmoud, Ph.D.
FINAL VERSION
September 2007
Acknowledgements
Several individuals contributed to this study at various stages. CARE-Somalia/Southern Sudan facilitated the technical and logistical aspects of the study. The CARE staffs both in Nairobi, particularly Mr. Ali Hersi and those in Garowe, Abdullahi Iman (Team Leader) and those in the Livelihood Recovery Program (LRP), Ms. Ummy Abdirashid (Project Manager, LRP), Mr. Ahmed Isse (Program Officer, LRP), and Mr. Ahmed Ali Mirre (Program Officer, LRP) were very instrumental in the design and execution of the fieldwork. Others whose comments were invaluable are Farhiya Ismail, Irro, Said Ahmad, and Said Mohamed, all of CARE-Garowe. The officials of local NGOs Garwado in Nugal, SVO in Sool, and NRO in Mudug accompanied us throughout the fieldwork in their respective areas and provided data on their activities and did introduce us to the communities.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the numerous men and women pastoralists who responded tirelessly to our lengthy questions and probing. Special thanks go to the communities that provided us with exceptionally warm hospitality and much more so with valuable information drawn from their experiences and knowledge.
I am deeply indebted to the late Eng. Said Aw Abdi whose efforts to support the livelihoods of the people of Puntland in general and those of Sool, Sanaag, and Ayn in particular were unparalleled. He accompanied us throughout the fieldwork and accorded us excellent hospitality. He will be missed by many. I pray that Allah rest his soul in paradise, ameen.
Table of Contents
TOC \o "1-5" \u Acknowledgements PAGEREF _Toc182201880 \h 1
Table of Contents PAGEREF _Toc182201881 \h 2
Acronyms used in the report PAGEREF _Toc182201882 \h 4
Executive Summary PAGEREF _Toc182201883 \h 5
Introduction PAGEREF _Toc182201884 \h 8
The context of the LRP PAGEREF _Toc182201885 \h 8
The objectives of the LRP in Puntland PAGEREF _Toc182201886 \h 9
Methodology PAGEREF _Toc182201887 \h 10
LRP sites and sample selection PAGEREF _Toc182201888 \h 10
Sampling Frame PAGEREF _Toc182201889 \h 11
Expected results of the LRP PAGEREF _Toc182201890 \h 11
Program Implementation Strategies PAGEREF _Toc182201891 \h 12
1. Community level conflict management PAGEREF _Toc182201892 \h 12
2. Implementation considerations for water and soil conservation rehabilitation PAGEREF _Toc182201893 \h 12
3. Incorporating gender and diversity concerns PAGEREF _Toc182201894 \h 12
4. Promotion of a Rights-based Approach (RBA) PAGEREF _Toc182201895 \h 13
5. Collaboration with Government authorities, local CBOs and NGOs PAGEREF _Toc182201896 \h 13
Program Activities PAGEREF _Toc182201897 \h 13
Phase 1: Re-Establishing Pre-Conditions (0 6 months) PAGEREF _Toc182201898 \h 14
a) Project implementation arrangement partnerships, logistics and staffing (completed by month 3) PAGEREF _Toc182201899 \h 14
b) Assessment of immediate food and other livelihood needs for displaced households (by month 2) PAGEREF _Toc182201900 \h 14
c) Situational assessment, program refinement and M&E strategy development (to be completed by month 6) PAGEREF _Toc182201901 \h 14
Phase 2 Development and Piloting of Interventions (7 24 months) PAGEREF _Toc182201902 \h 16
Achievements so far (Until Phase II) PAGEREF _Toc182201903 \h 18
Phase 3 Scaling-up and Replication of interventions (24 36 months) PAGEREF _Toc182201904 \h 18
MEASURING PROGRESS PAGEREF _Toc182201905 \h 19
Program baseline and M&E system PAGEREF _Toc182201906 \h 19
Project evaluation PAGEREF _Toc182201907 \h 19
PROGRAM ORGANISATION AND STAFFING PAGEREF _Toc182201908 \h 20
Program Organizational Structure PAGEREF _Toc182201909 \h 20
Staffing and program organogram PAGEREF _Toc182201910 \h 20
PROGRAM BUDGET PAGEREF _Toc182201911 \h 22
Findings and Discussion PAGEREF _Toc182201912 \h 22
Water Resources Development PAGEREF _Toc182201913 \h 23
Relevance PAGEREF _Toc182201914 \h 23
Effectiveness PAGEREF _Toc182201915 \h 24
Environmental management through gully erosion control PAGEREF _Toc182201916 \h 27
Relevance PAGEREF _Toc182201917 \h 27
Effectiveness PAGEREF _Toc182201918 \h 28
Livestock Health and Marketing (NAHAs) PAGEREF _Toc182201919 \h 28
Relevance PAGEREF _Toc182201920 \h 28
Effectiveness PAGEREF _Toc182201921 \h 29
Enterprise Development PAGEREF _Toc182201922 \h 29
Relevance PAGEREF _Toc182201923 \h 29
Effectiveness PAGEREF _Toc182201924 \h 31
Program Efficiency PAGEREF _Toc182201925 \h 33
The impact of the Program PAGEREF _Toc182201926 \h 34
Water Resources Development PAGEREF _Toc182201927 \h 34
Gully control structures PAGEREF _Toc182201928 \h 35
Enterprise Development PAGEREF _Toc182201929 \h 35
NAHA Trainings PAGEREF _Toc182201930 \h 35
Women, the minority, and disadvantaged people PAGEREF _Toc182201931 \h 36
Program Sustainability PAGEREF _Toc182201932 \h 36
Conflict Management Efforts PAGEREF _Toc182201933 \h 37
Conclusions and Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc182201934 \h 37
Annexes PAGEREF _Toc182201935 \h 40
Annex 1: The Terms of Reference PAGEREF _Toc182201936 \h 40
Annex 2: A list of persons met PAGEREF _Toc182201937 \h 46
References PAGEREF _Toc182201938 \h 51
Acronyms used in the report
CBO Community Based Organization
FSP Food Security Program
HH Households
LNGO Local Non Governmental Organization
LRP Livelihood Recovery Program
NAHA Nomadic Animal Health Auxiliary
NGO Non Governmental Organization
NRM Natural Resources Management
PDRC Puntland Development and Research Center
SME Small and Medium-size Enterprise
SVO Steadfast Voluntary Organization
Executive Summary
CARE initiated the LRP to assist pastoral communities in four regions in Puntland recover from the effects of Tsunami tidal waves that hit Somali coastal areas in December 2004. In addition to the disastrous tidal waves, the pastoral economy of Puntland was buttered by prolonged droughts, unusual cold rains, and continued political instability. The project was designed to help 6,000 vulnerable pastoral households in Karkaar, Nugal (Dangorayo), Sool (Taleh), and Mudug recover from these crises.
The objective of the mid-term evaluation was geared toward assessing the results of livelihood recovery programs in Puntland and particularly addressed the following issues: (1) whether or not the program is on course as planned. If so, have the project objectives been achieved and what is its effectiveness so far in terms of delivery of benefits to the stated beneficiaries? (2) Did the relief component address long term food security of the beneficiaries and help improve (or stabilize) the beneficiaries food security status? (3) Has a link been established between the relief component and pastoral capacity institution building components? (4) What measures are taken to ensure the long-term sustainability of the program? Did the recovery program bolster pastoralist food security and reduce future vulnerability to disasters?
The main project components are:
Water resources development through construction and rehabilitation of ponds and shallow wells,
Gully erosion control through construction of rock dams,
Livestock health improvement through training of Nomadic Animal Health Auxiliaries (NAHAs) and veterinary drugs provision, and
Establishment of Small and Medium size Enterprises (SMEs) to improvement pastoral incomes from local and alternative income generating sources.
Water resources development is the most crucial component of all because of its central position in pastoral livelihoods. Although lack of water is still prevalent in most places, water resource improvement activities have been carried out in all the regions. Shallow wells and ponds have been rehabilitated in Sool, borehole machines repaired in Mudug, and ponds constructed in Nugal. There is a considerable improvement in access to and amount of water available to pastoral households in intervention areas. While the boreholes repaired in Mudug are in perfect working condition, the ponds in Nugal may need to be multiplied and increased in size. The construction of boreholes in Nugal and Sool may take care of the chronic water shortage. These steps could immensely increase the relevance of the intervention. This recommendation could be a strong basis for initiation of LRP phase II. The construction of ponds is suitable in the rangelands for livestock use while boreholes are appropriate near settlements for use by both livestock and humans this would enhance the effectiveness of the intervention.
Environmental degradation in the form of gully erosion is worst in Nugal and Sool Regions. In fact, Sool and Nugal exhibit the worst forms of gully erosion, which is caused by inexistence of water and soil management practices. Entire grazing fields have been denuded severely with serious consequences for pastoral livestock production and resource conservation. Efforts to combat them have started under the LRP and more needs to be done. The initial impact of the intervention has been seen on a small-scale, but full-scale benefits would take longer to realize.
Livestock production and marketing is the backbone of Somalias economy in general and that of Puntlands in particular. A large segment of the population is directly involved with livestock production. In the livestock health sector, several Nomadic Animal Health Auxiliaries (NAHAs) have been trained in basic livestock anatomy and disease detection and treatment. The study sites are good livestock production areas, but livestock marketing is very weak, rendering the community vulnerable to economic and climatic shocks. The recurrent livestock export bans imposed on Somalia by Arab States adds to the gravity of the situation.
The LRP intervention in livestock sector improvement is commendable in the areas that have been targeted and could achieve its objectives by the end of the project. For example, the construction of abattoirs, meat markets, veterinary drug stores, and the training of NAHAs have been done. However, what remains to be done in the next phase of the program is to put these facilities and knowledge gained into practice.
Several Small and Medium size Enterprises (SMEs) have been established in all the regions and have started operations. The SMEs might have been conceived as an alternative livelihood strategy to pastoral production, but in essence it is intricately intertwined with pastoral livestock production and marketing. Favorable climatic conditions, improved livestock health and water resources create opportunities for increased livestock production and marketing. This in turn improves pastoral cash inflow through livestock and livestock products sales, which creates increased demand for goods and services that the SMEs are ready to supply. The SME program is not only relevant in the sense that the recipients were destitute people who had lost their livestock in one of the prolonged droughts or the cold rains, but also supports to local pastoral economy.
An extension of LRP into phase II would ensure not only the successful completion of the projects current activities, but would also create opportunities for sustainability. Some of LRP projects are long-term in nature, e.g. the development of water resources and gully control activities.
With improvement in livestock health and development of water resources, livestock production is certainly going to exhibit considerable improvement. The increase in livestock production needs to be followed up by an increase in the market outlets for livestock and livestock products. At the moment, even if livestock production is satisfactory, a weak link exists in the marketing area. Although livestock marketing is not emphasized in the LRP at the moment, it would be a relevant idea to think about a future livestock marketing component to create an outlet for the increased and improved livestock populations in the project area.
In the creation of alternative employments, a lot of attention needs to be paid to the youth. This would serve several important purposes. First, the created employment for the youth would generate incomes and second, it would discourage them from engaging in conflicts. Third, the youth would be kept away from burning charcoal to rehabilitation of degraded lands. This is more pronounced in Sool Region.
The development of diverse water sources would be ideal to enable the community have access to different sources of water at different times of the year. For example, water ponds are ideal in the rangelands for livestock and nomadic pastoral communities while boreholes would be ideal near permanently settled villages. In those areas that have only one kind of water resource, the pressure exerted on that resource is enormous.
In general, the LRP design is appropriate in the context of Somalias dryland environment and its increased vulnerability to multiple shocks. The implementation of activities is satisfactorily on course.
Introduction
CARE has been active in Somalia since 1981 when it first began working with internally displaced people at the invitation of the former government of the Somali Democratic Republic. Over the years, CARE has implemented a range of programmes in partnership with local civil society organisation, thereby nurturing a pool of local organizations capable of working with communities and civil authorities. The CARE office in Puntland was established in 1996, where it is currently implementing three programmes in the livestock and food security sectors, and a recovery programme in the tsunami affected areas. There is an on-going health program as well.
The LRP is expected to strongly reinforce CAREs current initiatives in Puntland and will be implemented in synergy with all the three on-going programs. The LRP is expected to reach a total of 6,000 households selected from communities outside the current tsunami affected areas from the regions of Karkaar, Nugal (Danqoreyo), Sool (Talex) and Mudug in Puntland.
Based on a detailed assessment, during the inception phase, of the existing conditions in the affected communities, the program will target those households (HHs) that are most affected by the crisis. This is necessary in order to ensure that scarce resources reach the most vulnerable sections of the community. The assessment to identify the target beneficiaries will involve identifying the most vulnerable population through a process of selecting the most disadvantaged geographical areas and then households within these communities.
The major CARE/LRP intervention activities are water resources improvement, environmental protection, specifically soil erosion and gully control, market enterprises, and livestock health and marketing.
The key elements in the assessment of the relevance of the program are:
the examination of the project design and how it is geared toward addressing the issues raised in the objectives of the project. As mentioned earlier, the LRP aims to improve access to water for humans and livestock for 3,000 households,
train and make available the Puntland Natural Resources Management Policy document to target communities,
create an effective and representative water and pasture user groups among the target communities,
increase incomes for smallholder pastoral households from livestock sales,
establish 200 profitable micro-enterprises among the target groups, and
develop business-oriented community animal health services.
The context of the LRP
Natural disasters are not new phenomenon in northern Somalia. The region has been a victim of numerous types of disasters ranging from prolonged droughts, protracted conflicts and dreadful tsunamis, all of which have been responsible for loss of human lives and assets, population displacement, and increased vulnerability to food insecurity. The tsunami that hit the coastal villages of Puntland State towards the end of the year 2004 was least expected because such a disaster did not appear in the categories of natural disasters that the area is familiar with, such as droughts. It left nearly 600 people dead or injured and destroyed the livelihoods of an estimated 18,000 families. The response of the international community to alleviate the impact of the tsunami was overwhelming. Resources were diverted from drought-affected areas to tsunami hit coastal belt and adjacent areas ADDIN EN.CITE CARE2006303CARE2006Puntland Livelihood Recovery ProgramSemi Annual Report, July-December 2006(CARE 2006). The diversion of resources led to increased vulnerability of the drought-affected population.
In addition to this, a prolonged drought had already made about 3,000 households lose their livestock and a brief torrential rain accompanied by unusually low temperatures killed the surviving livestock. The affected population relocated to the coastal areas in search of alternative livelihoods. All these happened in the midst of a long civil strife that has seen no central government in Somalia since 1991. Already before the Tsunami disaster, the UNs Somalia Food Security Emergency Alert had indicated a sudden deterioration in the health and nutritional status among the north-eastern population and had raised the alert to the highest level of humanitarian emergency. As a result of the Tsunami disaster among the coastal communities, some of the households affected moved back to the inland pastoral areas where they were resettled in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps earlier established for the displaced pastoral families affected by the droughts.
It is against this backdrop that the LRP conception came into being. The LRP is designed to assist those families outside the tsunami-hit coastal areas and attempt to avert potential conflict between communities. The affected families will require long-term assistance to recover their livelihoods through a range of interventions, including soil and water conservation, mitigation of the impact of future natural and man-made shocks, such as floods, droughts and conflicts, immediate food and livelihood security needs, and stimulation of the local economy through provision of cash for work and establishment of alternative income-generating opportunities.
The objectives of the LRP in Puntland
The overall goal of the Puntland Livelihood Recovery Program (LRP) is to assist 6,000 vulnerable householdsin four regions of the State, Karkaar, Mudug, Nugal and Sool to recover from the impact of disasters and achieve increased livelihood security by August 2008. In addition to the overall goal mentioned above, the LRP reinforces CAREs three on-going activities in Puntland, which are livestock and food security programs, a recovery program in the tsunami-affected areas, and a health program (Project Implementation Plan, CARE Somalia, n.d.). Specifically, the project was designed to attain the following:
Water and Environmental Management:
Increased access to water for humans and livestock for 3,000 households,
The target communities in the project area have reviewed and understood the Puntland Natural Resources Management Policy document,
Creation of effective and representative Water and Pasture User Groups among the target communities.
Livestock Health and Marketing:
The development of business-oriented community animal health services
Increased incomes for smallholder pastoral households from livestock sales
Enterprise Development:
The establishment of 200 profitable micro-enterprises among the target groups
Methodology
The mid-term evaluation made use of qualitative data to answer the study questions. The methodology used in this study was geared toward assessing the results of livelihood recovery programs in Puntland and particularly addressed the following issues: (1) whether or not the program is on course as planned. If so, have the project objectives been achieved and what is its effectiveness so far in terms of delivery of benefits to the stated beneficiaries? (2) Did the relief component address long term food security of the beneficiaries and help improve (or stabilize) the beneficiaries food security status? (3) Has a link been established between the relief component and pastoral capacity institution building components? (4) What measures are taken to ensure the long-term sustainability of the program? Did the recovery program bolster pastoralist food security and reduce future vulnerability to disasters?
Informal interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders, such as government officials, local CBOs and NGOs was conducted. Another set of informants was specialized groups, such as the marginalized and vulnerable segments of the population, particularly women and minorities. Because of the sensitive nature of the question of minorities in Somalia in general, this population was not isolated for the purposes of this study, but participated in the discussions with the rest of the population. This strategy made it easy for all to participate without the feeling of discrimination.
LRP sites and sample selection
The LRP is being implemented in Mudug, Nugal, and Sool Regions. There are three sites in Mudug (Galdogob, Rigomane, and Bursalah); six in Sool (Taleh, Aroley, Godalo, Kalad, Sarmanyo, and Halin); and eight in Nugal (Dangorayo, Bakhbakh, Budunbuto, Barweyn, Usgure, Haji Kheyr, El-Buh, and Libaho). All the three sites in Mudug were visited because all of them were located close to each other. Four sites were selected at random in Nugal taking care of those located on the main road and those off road, while in Sool three sites were selected at random. In addition to random selection, implementation of different activities in different sites necessitated the choice of certain sites for evaluation.
A range of guiding questions were raised with respondents. For example, beneficiary households were asked:
to assess increased access to water for both human and livestock consumption,
whether or not the number of households with access to water had increased,
are smallholder pastoral households realizing increased incomes from livestock sales,
how many water and pasture user groups were operational in target communities,
how many micro-enterprises have been established and what is their profitability,
are community and animal health services being developed and whether or not their business orientation has been attained, and
other indicators, such as past interventions, were examined to gain insight into the relevance, effectiveness, and sustainability of the LRP activities.
Sampling Frame
The sampling frame consisted of households who benefited from the recovery program in terms of increased access to water, functioning water and pasture user groups, increased incomes from livestock and livestock products sales, establishment of micro enterprises and setting up of business oriented community animal health services. Those who did not participate in the program constituted the second category of respondents. The aim was to have them serve as a control group and provide insight into the targeting and non-beneficiary perception of the program. However, they were not separated in the discussions, but participated with the beneficiary group. The participating local NGOs in the three regions formed the third category of respondents.
Expected results of the LRP
In order to realize the above objectives, the following results will be delivered by the end of August 2008:
Expected Result 1: Three thousand (3,000) pastoral households will have
increased access to water for both humans and animals
Expected Result 2: Customary and national Puntland natural resources
management policies and systems are integrated, reviewed, and understood by target communities
Expected Result 3: Effective and representative guurtis are in place and operational in target communities responsible for sustainable management of water and pasture resources
Expected Result 4: Smallholder pastoral households will realize increased incomes from livestock sales
Expected Result 5: Two hundred (200) profitable micro-enterprises will be established by target groups
Expected Result 6: Business oriented community animal health services will be developed and functional
Program Implementation Strategies
Community level conflict management
The program will strengthen community and local CBOs capacity to anlyse and manage conflicts arising from over natural resources use and promote non-violent mechanisms for resolving conflicts within and between communities.
Implementation considerations for water and soil conservation rehabilitation
Rehabilitation of wells and boreholes intended to save lives, reduce suffering and loss of economic and social assets. Traditional wells will be hand-dug; communities will participate by providing inputs like labor, stones, and sand. Local masons will be used to cut costs and provide employment. Indicators will include the distances traveled for water and water quality. Measures to make drought planning become a regular part of strategic planning will be explored and implemented.
Incorporating gender and diversity concerns
Usually the kind of crisis currently affecting the people of Somalia has different social effects on men and women, the elderly and the young, and girls and boys. During the inception period, this program will analyse the different challenges faced by women and men and device a selective strategy that addresses the different concerns of men and women in the target communities. This will ensure that the program does not inadvertently reinforce practices that marginalize one or the other gender and to specifically ensure that womens role in household and community level decision making is enhanced.
Promotion of a Rights-based Approach (RBA)
This program will help women, men and children from 6,000 households that have been made destitute by conflict and drought to achieve the minimum conditions of living in diginity, and to realise their rights to livelihod security. To achieve this, the program will expose and address the root causes of vulnerability and marginalisation, and expand the range of choices available to the target communities and individuals.
In addition to exposing and addressing the root causes of vulnerability, the program will enhance peoples participation disaster management policy development and implementation, promote inclusion of minority and other marginalised groups, and promote local peoples engagement with decision makers.
Collaboration with Government authorities, local CBOs and NGOs
The views of all stakeholders will be sought during the design, analysis of issues, implementation, monitoring and evaluation processes. This will include vulnerable populations, local elites, women, ethnic minorities, children, government, CARE staff, community leaders and rural communities. To enhances self-sufficiency, the program approach will be to build individual and community capacity to strengthen their ability to manage risk and to restore their ability in themselves. This will involve complimenting local knowledge and ability with those brought from outside. Both formal and informal groups will be involved, including government-based agencies, pastoral associations, womens groups, and other local CSOs.
Program Activities
Activities are spread of over three years and will be organized and implemented in 3 phases:
Re-establishment of pre-conditions,
Development and piloting of interventions, and
Replicating and scaling up of interventions.
The details of the main activities in each of the three phases are discussed in the following sections.
Phase 1: Re-Establishing Pre-Conditions (0 6 months)
The main activities during the first nine months relating to the program outcomes are:
Project implementation arrangement partnerships, logistics and staffing (completed by month 3)
This will include activities related to:
Staff recruitment and procurement of logistics; and,
Exploring, negotiating and finalising partnership arrangements.
Assessment of immediate food and other livelihood needs for displaced households (by month 2)
This will include activities related to:
Rapid assessment of immediate needs of affected communities to identify households not meeting their immediate food and other basic needs;
Establishing any experiences with food or cash for work and undertaking potential harm-benefit assessment for cash for work;
Participatory identification of community projects that fall within this program and planning action for cash for work with communities;
Situational assessment, program refinement and M&E strategy development (to be completed by month 6)
Assessment of water situation and development of water infrastructure rehabilitation plans: A detailed assessment of the water situation and the findings will be used to refine, develop plans, agree roles and responsibility, and, budget for the immediate and long-term rehabilitation of water sources for people and animals. Issues to be covered by the study will include:
Identification of existing physical conditions, conditions prior to the emergency; and, assessment of the management and personnel problems existing prior to the disaster;
Analysis of the needs of different users men, women and animals;
Analysis of specific problems people face in gaining access to water, including water collection or storage methods;
Assessment of groups involved in local water resources management and their roles;
A study of water management technologies and available human resources (skilled and unskilled) personnel for water management; and,
Development and implementation of community-based action plans for water and environmental conservation.
Assessment of environmental degradation situation and development of natural resources conservation plans: A detailed assessment of the environmental situation and the development of community plans, roles and responsibilities, and, budget for the immediate and long-term measures to address environmental degradation. Issues to be covered by the inception period will include:
Identification of conservation issues in selected communities and Puntland state in general, to establish existing conservations issues, traditional practices, and, assessment of the management practices;
Identification of institutions promoting natural resources management and their roles;
Initial assessment of existing policies and practices in the areas of NRM and disaster preparedness and management, in order to identify policy gaps and difference between policy and practice. In the area of disaster preparedness, the key strategy will be to work with HADMA (Puntland disaster management agency); and,
Development and implementation of action plans addressing environmental conservation.
Assessment of the livestock sector and development of livestock development plans: A detailed assessment of the livestock sector and the development plans, roles and responsibility, and, budget for the immediate and long-term measures for the development of the livestock industry. Issues to be covered by the study will include:
Assessment of the extent to which livestock contribute to HH income and food needs thru out the year;
Assessment of the extent and nature of different gender roles in livestock management;
Assessment of the nature and complexity of the disaster effects on livestock movement and marketing;
Assessment of the problems livestock owners define, actions they have taken to sell or preserve livestock, and movement of livestock;
Examine how could livestock needs could be supported, what are the time and costs for delivering the support;
Examine how will livestock intervention influence or be influenced by other interventions;
What are the potential success of livestock development interventions, have there been success with previous interventions;
Examine re-stocking options. Restocking is usually a handout that is not taken seriously by beneficiaries, and animals rarely remain with intended beneficiaries for long. Restocking proposals should be based on a careful analysis of traditional restocking mechanisms, data on the extent to which they are still functioning, and sound reasons why this mechanism should be disrupted or supported; and,
Design with the pastoralists interventions intended to help people who are struggling to maintain or build livestock populations. This might include - Assistance with livestock marketing; Veterinary support to improve animal health; - make use of existing veterinary knowledge and successful community based delivery systems, including perceptions of disease, traditional treatments (if they are considered effective).
Assessment of local economy: A detailed SME market assessment carried out and the findings used to refine objective on revitalising the local economy, development of plans and budget. Issues to be covered by the study will include:
Assessment of the status of the SME sector in Puntland with a focus understanding constraints and opportunities in the SME sector;
Assessment of demand and supply of financial and non-financial services, and developing inventory of current services providers and facilitators of these services in Puntland; and,
Identification of strategic areas for program interventions to complement and where possible enhance other initiatives in the development of the SME sector in the region.
Identification of existing and potential pro-poor enterprises; and,
Development of strategy to support the development of pro-poor enterprises, including options for targeted and strategic subsidy.
Phase 2 Development and Piloting of Interventions (7 24 months)
This phase will run until the end of the second year, concluding with a mid-term review. The major results to be achieved by the end of this phase will be:
Most vulnerable disaster affected HHs have met basic food and livelihood needs and are involved in long-term livelihood security initiatives;
Increased access to water for both people and animals arising from rehabilitated water infrastructures;
Measures intended to address environmental degradation have been identified and piloted;
Policy studies and influence - increased user engagement in the review of policies and practice with NRM and disaster management;
Measures to increase livestock productivity and profitability have been piloted;
Alternative market-based livelihood opportunities for vulnerable HHs have been explored and piloted; and,
Measures to increase access by poor people to financial and business services have been piloted.
The main activities during this phase and relating to the above outcomes are:
Engendering of project activities and results (completed by end of month 6): A gender consultant (or local CARE staff) will assess gender related constraints in the program through facilitating a participatory gender analysis. The consultant will then review the refined project document, and the monitoring and evaluation frameworks in order to ensure that the project impacts positively on men and women.
Baseline study and design of the Participatory Monitoring Evaluation (PM&E) system (completed by end of month 6): Undertaking of baseline study, setting-up database and design of M&E mechanism.
Rehabilitation water and NRM conservation infrastructures
Activities shall include:
Rehabilitation of water infrastructure for animals and people wells, ponds, boreholes etc using cash for work and local artisans. Will involve working with partners to develop and implement community plans, review and replicate lessons learnt.
Rehabilitation of conservation infrastructure for erosions and other identified degradation.
Policy studies and influence NRM and disaster management policies and partner engagement on policy processes. Will involve a study of existing policies and practice in NRM and disaster management.
Livestock Development
Activities shall include:
Supporting a business-oriented community animal health;
Strengthening institutional framework for community animal health services among government, private sector and pastoral communities;
Promoting awareness/understanding of the existing NRM practices and pastoral implication;
Formation and strengthening of pastoral interest groups: Strengthen pastoral groups at various levels for improved livestock management;
Initiating and developing relationships with livestock product buyers and other potential markets;
Setting up marketing infrastructure: Includes setting-up of a market information system and physical infrastructures to promote animal product marketing.
SME development and promotion
Activities shall include:
Participatory and technical assessment of existing and potential livelihood opportunities and conditions for joining these opportunities;
Provision of targeted support to identified vulnerable HHs to expand and diversify their livelihood strategies.
Situational assessment of existing enterprises to identify existing and potential pro-poor enterprises;
Situational assessment of financial and business services and services providers and their accessibility to poor people; and,
Development of strategy to support access to financial and non-financial services to poor people, including options for targeted and strategic subsidy.
Other activities
Mid-Term Review (MTR): The MTR is intended to analyse the experiences with the various approaches, by identifying what works and what does not, and their effects on the beneficiaries and to test the underlying assumptions in the design. The MTR will also provide recommendations on scaling-up of interventions and strengthening mechanisms to enhance sustainability.
Achievements so far (Until Phase II)
As far as stage II is concerned, various measures to achieve these goals have already been initiated, including gully controls, development and rehabilitation of water resources, establishment of SMEs, and identification, training, and stocking of NAHAs in all the target regions. In general, the project is on course as far as the current achievements and targets are concerned. The mid-term evaluation exercise has been undertaken as planned.
Phase 3 Scaling-up and Replication of interventions (24 36 months)
This phase is intended to move the interventions beyond the project pilot areas and beneficiaries by scaling-up geographical coverage within the region, and involving other private sector and public services providers.
Scaling-up within other parts of Puntland: Working with the main partners, develop a mechanism for scaling-up within the entire state, initially working through the members of partner organisations, and slowly bringing in others;
Documentation and sharing of lessons learnt: Through organising or participating in fora through which LRP experiences and lessons are presented and shared with others with the intention of promoting replication; and,
Final evaluation: The final evaluation is planned for the third quarter of the final year. The key intention will be to document lessons learnt and make recommendations on how the experiences can be replicated in other situations and regions.
MEASURING PROGRESS
Program baseline and M&E system
The program baseline study and M&E framework will be developed during the inception period and will serve as an important component of the methodology that will be used in project implementation. During the inception period, stakeholders will develop a program logframe and indicators of progress that will be used in tracking progress. The roles are responsibilities in monitoring progress will also be discussed during the inception period.
The M&E system will be overseen by a fulltime facilitator recruited by the program, who will perform data collection and ensure that data is used to provide guidance to programme evolution, and assist stakeholders to use their M&E as a mechanism for accountability.
An external consultant will be contracted to support with the establishment of a baseline database and incorporating it into the M&E system. The baseline survey will be conducted as a rolling baseline: rather than carrying out a separate M&E study.
Project evaluation
A mid-term project evaluation is planned for the second quarter of the second year of the project i.e. October December 2006. This will be facilitated by an external consultant, and will involve the participation of CARE staff, local CBOs/CSOs, Communities, government and all stakeholders. This evaluation is expected to generate information for all stakeholders on the current progress in the project especially the appropriateness of the approach and any anticipated effects. This exercise is also supposed to raise questions about the future of the project.
A terminal project evaluation is planned for the third quarter of the last year, and this will be aimed at assessing the overall effects of the project on the community and advice on any replicability for CARE and other stakeholders in Somalia.
PROGRAM ORGANISATION AND STAFFING
Program Organizational Structure
The program will be implemented in co-ordination two on-going programs that CARE is implementing in Puntland. All the three programs will be coordinated by a single Sector Coordinator who will be based in Nairobi. In order to promote synergy, some of the technical staff from the two sister programs will contribute their time to this program, while at the same time, some of the LRP program staff will also support the other two programs. A draft organizational structure is provided below.
Staffing and program organogram
CAREs implementation team shall include staff based in Garowe and Nairobi. In Nairobi, Kenya, the Assistant Country Director will provide overall guidance to the project within CARE Internationals Somalia office. Also in Nairobi will be based the Program Strategy Advisor responsible for strategic guidance, and the Sector Coordinator, who will ensure that the project is meeting both CAREs and its own objectives. The specific responsibilities of the field-based project staff are outlined below:
Programme Manager: S/he will ensure the project is implemented as outlined in the project proposal and that technical and financial reports are of high quality and are submitted in a timely manner to the Sector Coordinator in Nairobi.
Senior Program Officer - Governance and CSO: S/he will be responsible for results related to mobilizing and supporting CSO/CBOs involvement and engagement policy engagement and general involvement in project activities.
Senior Program Officer Enterprise Development: S/he will provide technical leadership in enterprise assessment and development. He will liaise with local financial and business services providers, and help link supported entrepreneurs to these services providers.
M&E Facilitator: He/she will take responsibility for all monitoring activities, including supporting the development of participatory M&E for this program and the two sister programs that will be implemented in conjunction with this program.
Program Assistant: The program assistant will support the program team with record keeping, administrative support and other logistical arrangement.
The program receives administrative and financial management support from staff at both the Nairobi and Garowe offices, who spend part of their time supporting this program. The following is program organogram, which presents the structure of the LRP implementation. The structure is appropriately designed for an effective implementation of the LRP activities.
Program Organogram
PROGRAM BUDGET
The overall program budget is USD1,820,000 spread over three years. The budget has been allocated to key areas of the LRP project and covers the following items:
Personnel three categories:
Five full-time direct staff based at the program office in Garowe, Somalia;
Programme management support staff based in Nairobi;
Contribution to administration and personnel (finance and admin) costs for both the Sub-Office in Garowe, CSSS headquarters in Nairobi.
Travel - costs for air tickets, taxes and taxis, for staff travel to and from Somalia for both fulltime staff and support from the Nairobi.
Accommodation and per-diems Same as for staff travel above, including contributions for the rent of guest house in Garowe.
Purchasing/hire of vehicle - hiring cars within Garowe town and to field destinations for security reasons CARE owns no car in Somalia.
Communication equipment - for phone costs and internet procurement and operations for both Garowe and Nairobi.
Office Equipment and Furniture - computers, office equipment and furniture for Garowe office, and sector manager in Nairobi.
Office Supplies stationary and consumable for Garowe and Nairobi
Operational costs All direct investments to the project, expended through sub-grants various materials, subsidies for enterprises development, partners operational costs, cash for work wages, etc.
Consultancies In the following areas:
Baseline study and M&E framework development
Pastoralism policy review and development;
NRM policy review and development
Disaster management policy support
Other consultancies
Mid-term and terminal evaluation.
Findings and Discussion
This section deals with (1) whether or not the program is on course as planned. If so, have the project objectives been achieved and what is its effectiveness so far in terms of delivery of benefits to the stated beneficiaries? (2) Did the relief component address long term food security of the beneficiaries and help improve (or stabilize) the beneficiaries food security status? (3) Has a link been established between the relief component and pastoral capacity institution building components? (4) What measures are taken to ensure the long-term sustainability of the program? Did the recovery program bolster pastoralist food security and reduce future vulnerability to disasters?
Water Resources Development
Relevance
A total of 14 water ponds (ballis) have been constructed in Nugal Region. Ten ponds are located in Ayyah site while four are in Nugal Gaban site. The Ayyah site covers Haji Kheir, El Buh, Usgure, and Baqbaq villages while Nugal Gaban site comprises of Dangorayo town, Libaho, Budunbuto, and Barweyn villages.
In Nugal Region, Dangorayo town, Haji Kheir, Usgure, and Libaho villages were visited to assess the relevance of the water ponds constructed in those areas. The residents of Dangorayo refer to the water pond constructed under the LRP as small because they perceive that the water that the structure can hold will not be enough for the community. There was no water in the pond at the time of the mid-term evaluation because it had not rained since the structure was constructed in early 2007. However, intervention in water resources development in Dangorayo is relevant because the area faces chronic water shortage. The residents pointed out that the town is in dire need of reliable water supply and at the moment their main water source is located about one kilometer away. Private water sources are available 4-5km away from the village, but could be costly for an average resident of the town. Some form of management could only be organized when the balli contains water, for example, a temporary caretaker could be available to oversee the proper use of the balli water.
The communitys view is that water resources development in the area would be more relevant if the current structure is improve in size and fenced. The big size would ensure accessibility to a large segment of the residents and the fencing would ensure sustainable management of the resource. Hence an appointment of a caretaker committee would make sense.
Two water ponds were constructed in Haji Kheir village and they are located about 2km from the village. The construction of the water ponds in Haji Kheir is of great relevance in the area because of the chronic shortage of water. However, villages pointed out that the two ponds could only be sufficient for 15-20 days when full.
Effectiveness
Expected Result 1: Three thousand (3,000) pastoral households will have
increased access to water for both humans and animals
Increased access to water for humans and livestock was to be achieved through rehabilitation of water infrastructure and construction and rehabilitation of water ponds and shallow wells. Table 1 shows the level of achievements made so far.
Table 1: Gully control and water resource development
Region Gully control structuresWater ponds, shallow wells, etcNugal Dangoroyo21 Libaho40 Budunbuto11 Baarweyn02 Haji Kheyr32 Ceel buh22 Usgure05 Baqbaq21Sub Total1414Sool HululNumerous1 SarmanyoNumerous2Sub Total3TOTAL14+17
The stated objectives in terms of gully control construction and water resource rehabilitation are being achieved. We need to examine the following verifiable indicators to gain a sense of achievements made so far.
30 Infrastructures rehabilitated in year 1; 40 in year 2; and 30 in year 3
Already 31+ gully control and water resources have been rehabilitated, which indicates that the project is doing well.
20% reduction in water tracking distance for targeted pastoral HHs in each of the grazing blocks by EOP
Although it was not possible to quantify water trucking distance at the moment, a great deal has been achieved in terms of infrastructure rehabilitation, whose impacts will be felt fully at the end of the project.
All target communities have effective water management committees
Indeed all communities in the project area have water committees and a regulatory mechanism.
Sool Region faces serious gully problems and the local NGO, SVO has been doing rehabilitation work for the past 15 years. Hulul shallow well near God Alo has been rehabilitated by removing the stone from the mouth of the well. The number of beneficiaries has increased dramatically and an average of 300 pastoral households can use the well now. Women and children have better access now than before.
In Sarmanyo, residents use barkads as a primary source of water. Two ballis were rehabilitated under the LRP, but its effectiveness could not be adequately assessed because it had not rained yet. However, from the structure put up under the LRP the ballis would certainly hold more water at the onset of the rains.
It is in Mudug where the best success story of water development is visible. Boreholes have been rehabilitated in all the three sites in the region. Water output has increased so has the number of beneficiary households. In Goldogob town, for example, the number of households with running water has increased from 450 to 828. This is an increase of 84 percent. Water output has increased from 6,000 liters/hr previously to 15,000 liters/hr now, an increase of 150 percent.
In Rigomane village water output has increased from about 6,000 liters/hr to 20,000 liters/hr, an increase of 233 percent. It is estimated that water use has increased by about 30 percent in Bursalah village. The residents of Bursalah estimate that about 500 households had access to the borehole previously; the number has now increased to about 750 households, an increase of 50 percent.
The communities interviewed are looking forward to gaining access to diverse sources of water. For example, Libaho residents have a reliable borehole that supplies water for the village and livestock in the surrounding areas, but they want to have water ponds to supplement their current water source. Similarly, one of the pastoralists in Taleh District, whom we found outside the town, expressed the need for a water pond, despite the presence of a reliable well in the town. On the other hand, the residents of Goldogob District in Mudug Region would like to have water ponds constructed in the rangelands for livestock. This makes sense since livestock graze in the rangelands during the wet seasons. Harnessing rain water during the wet season for livestock would reduce the pressure on the rehabilitated boreholes near Goldogob town and the villages of Rigomane and Bursalah. In Usgure village, Nugal Region, the old borehole is broken and the community wants it rehabilitated. Meanwhile, the ponds are empty and they trek long distances to fetch water.
Access to water for humans and livestock in Mudug Region can be rated as excellent while those in Nugal and Sool are satisfactory at the moment and can be said to be on the right to track to achieve the stated objectives by the end of the project.
The location of water sources was largely perceived as close to the community and the construction and rehabilitation of the ponds were done in desired areas. In some instances, there arises a misconception of whether or not certain projects are meant for nomadic pastoralists or village residents. For instance, the residents of Haji Kheir stated that the water ponds were constructed in areas that best suit the needs of nomadic pastoralists rather than that of the village residents. Although this seems a genuine concern, the LRP needs to be clear whether water resources development is purely for livestock production or for consumption of sedentary populations. In these regard, a few residents of Haji Kheir village stated that LRPs activities are not visible from the settlement, from the people and from the land. Although this statement was made by a few dissatisfied individuals, the genuine concern was to see evidences of activities for village residents, some of whom do not own livestock and are less concerned about water resources for livestock development.
It is important to note that in cases where water sources are located near settled villages, negative environmental impacts on the immediate natural resources could be inevitable. On the other hand, the same water resource could be used by both human and livestock populations. As will be discussed later, the model of Mudug water resource rehabilitation is an excellent example in which both humans and livestock have access to the water source located near the town, but the livestock are not permitted to overstay in the vicinity of the village or town. In fact, during the rainy season those animals are sent to the rangelands, until the dry season when they are brought back the village/town water source.
Expected Result 2: Customary and national Puntland natural resources
management policies and systems are integrated, reviewed, and understood by target communities
The communities have local natural resource management policies ADDIN EN.CITE Mahmoud2005101Mahmoud, Hussein A.Mohamed, Ibrahim H.2005Natural Resource Management Practices and Implications for Pastoral Livelihoods in Puntland State, Northeast SomaliaA consultancy report submitted to CARE and VSF-Suisse Puntland Pastoral Program (PPP)(Mahmoud and Mohamed 2005). The Puntland Development and Research Center (PDRC) has published a comprehensive document that deals with local rules and regulations pertaining to a wide range of issues including NRM ADDIN EN.CITE PDRC20032see 02PDRC2003Somali Customary Law and Traditional Economy. Puntland Development and Research Centre, Garowe(see PDRC 2003). In most cases, the community itself acts as User Groups, have security committees, youth committees, environmental committees and water and pasture use committees. The LRP needs to build on the local NRM practices and coordinate the various committees for effective NRM practices. This could be done in awareness workshops and exchange programs among residents, for example, committees from one village could be taken to another village where NRM practices have been successful so they can learn from one another. The Puntland government has none NRM policy in place and this puts the LRP in a suitable position to fill the existing gap. The trainings by Ahmed Isse (LRP Project Officer) need to be continued, particularly focusing on local NRM practices. He has made a valuable impact on the trainings and received excellent rating among the trainees. The aim here is not to replace the existing customary NRM practices, but to make them effective and work better.
Expected Result 3: Effective and representative guurtis are in place and operational in target communities responsible for sustainable management of water and pasture resources
An effective and functional Pastoral Association (PA) has been established in all of the three Mudug sites. The PA in Goldogob has 18 members, Bur Salah 9, and Rig-Omane 12. In other areas, such as Nugal and Sool, guurtis exist and are responsible for sustainable use of the water and pasture resources of their respective areas. The LRP has done a good job in this regard, which could be rated as good.
Expected Result 4: Smallholder pastoral households will realize increased incomes from livestock sales
It is too early to have a concrete idea of the impact of the water program on pastoral households in target areas. The result of this intervention is long-term in nature and can only be realized after sometime. By the end of the LRP the water access improvement program will have taken effect in terms of increased livestock production and improved sales and incomes to pastoral households. On the whole, the program target is an excellent one and is on course. The results are encouraging in Goldogob and parts of Sool where pastoral households have realized increased output in milk. The livestock marketing aspect needs to be looked at from the export perspective, which currently is underdeveloped and under Saudi ban.
Environmental management through gully erosion control
Relevance
Environmental degradation in the form of gully erosion is readily visible and worst in Nugal and Sool Regions. In fact, Sool and Nugal exhibit the worst forms of gully erosion, which is caused by inexistence of water and soil management practices. Entire grazing fields have been denuded severely with serious consequences for pastoral livestock production and resource conservation. Soil erosion control activities in these regions are most appropriate at the moment to safeguard the natural resources of the area on which pastoral livelihoods heavily depend. Sool Region, for example, has gully problems in prime grazing areas and the program geared towards addressing the problem is highly relevant. These activities need to be expanded massively in the future phases of LRP. Mudug Region does not have soil erosion problems hence no activities to control it exist in the region.
Effectiveness
As has been mentioned earlier, most of the program areas in Puntland are massively degraded, with the exception of Mudug Region. From environmental conservation and resource management point of view, to control these form of erosion is not only the right thing to do for the livelihood recovery of the pastoral populations in the target areas, but also will be the foundation for the sustainable water and soil resources management in the area. Several gully control control structures have been constructed throughout Nugal and Sool Regions in varying dimensions and sizes depending on the engineering expertise and environmental factors. Gully erosion control intervention must go hand in hand with deforestation control deforestation is more pronounced in Sool than any other place. In Sool Region the youth are in the forefront in cutting of trees, an act that increases the susceptibility of the soil to increased erosion. The SVO staff stopped us at several location to see youth in action cutting down of trees and burning for charcoal. Creating alternative sources of income and employment for the youth, particularly in Sool Region would help protect the soil resources and alleviate the problem of erosion.
Livestock Health and Marketing (NAHAs)
Relevance
Livestock production and marketing is the backbone of Somalias economy in general and that of Puntlands in particular. A large segment of the population is directly involved with livestock production. Livestock marketing sector is massively underdeveloped in Somalia because of numerous reasons, whose discussion is beyond the scope of this evaluation. However, lack of attractive livestock markets and poor veterinary surveillance and treatment are some of the key impediments to the sectors development. Because of underdevelopment of the sector and chronic lack of alternative sources of livelihoods, a large number of people live in poverty. One of the avenues through which the Somali population, particularly those living in the northern arid and semi arid parts of the country, could be propelled out of the vicious cycle of poverty is to initiate massive investment in the livestock production and marketing sector. Trainings offered to local personnel in veterinary care is an important step geared towards improving the livestock in Puntland. The importance of the veterinary training component cannot be over-emphasized.
Effectiveness
Expected Result 6: Business oriented community animal health services will be developed and functional
The VSF-Suisse selected and trained four veterinary professionals. These vets have already selected and trained 60 NAHAs in target areas, 5 persons in each of the 12 project sites, where there are large herds of livestock (See also Implementation Plan). The VSF-Suisse has also identified four pharmacies where vet drugs will be stocked. NAHAs will purchase drugs from the pharmacy and re-sale to pastoralists.
The full potential of the stated objectives in livestock health sector can only be achieved after the completion of the program. However, the achievement made so far and the comments of the beneficiaries indicate that they are on the right track. NAHA trainees need to be put in practice and the LRP is facilitating the delivery of veterinary drugs and equipment.
The LRP intervention in livestock sector improvement is commendable in the areas that have been targeted and could achieve its objectives by the end of the project. For example, the construction of abattoirs, meat markets, veterinary drug stores, and the training of NAHAs have been done. However, what remains to be done in the next phase of the program is to put these facilities and knowledge gained into practice.
Enterprise Development
Relevance
The objective of the Enterprise Development component within the LRP is to increase cash income from local and alternative income generating sources for selected communities. Establishment of small businesses is a sound strategy, first, to improve the livelihood status of the recipient households and second, to offer opportunities for income diversification. These enterprises have been established in all the regions. A group consisting of mostly women is offered US$200 each to help start a small business. In all the cases, members combined their allocations in a pull and established a larger enterprise, such as wholesale and retail shops in Nugal and Sool Regions and livestock trading in Mudug Region.
As mentioned earlier, while the recipients of small enterprises funds in Nugal and Sool Regions embarked on wholesale and retail shop businesses, Mudug recipients geared their investments in livestock trade. What makes this line of investment most relevant is that the project is located in one of the most potential livestock areas in the region. The drawback, however, is how and where to market the available livestock and livestock products.
The Enterprise Development might have been conceived as an alternative livelihood strategy to pastoral production, but in essence it is intricately intertwined with pastoral livestock production and marketing. The success of SMEs is closely tied to rainfall performance on which livestock production and prices heavily depend. If for instance an area received a substantial amount of rainfall, this translates into increase in livestock production leading to increased cash inflow into the local economy (assuming that livestock markets exist and are good). This scenario, in turn, produces a rising demand for food stuffs and clothing. The increased demand for these products is a boost for the SMEs. In essence, increasing livestock production and markets is the key to helping the local economy diversify through establishment of SMEs. The linkage between the development of SMEs and the livestock sector is presented in the following diagram, but it may not be as simple as the presentation assumes.
Linkages between SMEs and the livestock sector
Favorable climatic conditions
Improved livestock production & marketing
Increased cash inflow
Increased demand for goods & services
A boost to the SME sector
The SME program is relevant in the sense that the recipients were destitute people who had lost their livestock in one of the prolonged droughts or the cold rains. These are the most vulnerable people in the community and the LRP has targeted the most appropriate beneficiaries. The selection criteria were discussed with the community and these were widely accepted. I have not heard of any complaints about the beneficiary groups and why they were selected from any section of the community. This endeavor affords them an opportunity for income generation to support their families. In this regard, the SME program is geared toward pulling destitute households from the poverty they are entrapped in.
It is encouraging to see that the recipients have began businesses in diversified activities, such as livestock trading and wholesale and retail shops. For example, in Godalo in Sool Region, the SME operates a butchery and a tea shop in addition to selling foodstuffs and clothing. Those in Sarmanyo trade in cosmetics to attract a wide client in addition to selling basic food stuffs. In Taleh, the groups deal with food stuffs, a restaurant, and tailoring. The cloths produced are sold locally. In Rigomane village in Goldogob, the SME group plans to sell food stuffs and deal in fuel. All beneficiaries plan to expand their enterprises in the future and I envisage that they could venture into regional livestock and merchandise trade if all goes well. Since these business establishments are new and some have just began trading, I do not think they have established group names.
Effectiveness
Expected Result 5: Two hundred (200) profitable micro-enterprises will be established by target groups
The establishment of micro-enterprises has been encouraging in all the sites. Table 2 shows the regions, villages, the number of enterprises established so far, and composition of women in each SME. Mudug has three SMEs with a total of 31 members, Nugal has eight SMEs with a total of 83 members, and Sool has six SMEs with a total of 50 members. A total of 17 SMEs with a total membership of 164 have been established so far. Of the 200 SMEs stated to be established by the end of the project, 10.4 percent of the target has been achieved. More SMEs are being established, for example, Halin village in Taleh will have one SME with 10 members, but has not finalized the selection of their members.
Table 2: SME establishments and membership by region and villages
RegionNumber of SMEs establishedTotal number of membersComposition of womenMudug3Goldogob1616 (100%)Bur Salah1010 (100%)Rig Omane52 (20%)Sub Total3128 (90.3%)Nugal8Budunbuto76 (85.7%)Baarweyn76 (85.7%)Usgure108 (80%)Ceelbuh118 (72.7%)Haji Kheyr109 (90%)Libaaho88 (100%)Baqbaq106 (60%)Dangoroyo2017 (85%)Sub Total8368 (81.9%)Sool6Sarmanyo98 (88.9%)KalAd77 (100%)Godalo88 (100%)Aroley87 (87.5%)Taleh (1)98 (88.9%)Taleh (2)98 (88.9%)Sub Total5046 (92%)TOTAL17164142 (86.6%)
Achievement of specific objectives shows that progress is being made, but a lot has to be done.
Stated objective:
50 viable enterprises have been established in year 1, 75 in year 2, 75 in year 3
Achievement:
So far 17 SMEs have been established, representing 34 percent of the stated goal.
Stated objective:
75% of target groups achieve 50% annual profit on their enterprises
Achievement:
Profits could not be determined at the moment because most businesses have just began operating.
Stated objective:
75% of target HH are women
Achievement:
This target has been surpassed. The overall percent of women in SMEs is an impressive 86.6 percent. Sool Region leads by registering 92 percent of SME members as women, followed by Mudug with 90.3 percent, and Nugal with 81.9 percent.
The immediate objective to increase cash income from alternative income generating opportunities, such as the SME for selected communities affected by the current disasters is being achieved through the establishment of SMEs. The planned activities have been delivered to a great extent. Cash for SMEs have been disbursed and most activities have started. Basic trainings in business management have been provided to recipients. There have not been any deviations from the stated objectives as far as SMEs are concerned and no cases of fraud have been reported so far or lack of confidence in the beneficiaries. The full extent of the benefits of the SMEs in most cases cannot be determined now because of the short time these businesses have been in operation, but the beneficiaries showed confidence that their projects will help generate income and alleviate poverty.
Program Efficiency
The day-to-day management of the LRP is excellent with a well-coordinated flow of activities and implementation of projects among the target communities. The level and quality of communication between the LRP staff and LNGOs, local leaders, and communities is outstanding. These are the sentiments expressed by the communities that have been interviewed on the project. However, where communication link is weak it needs to be strengthened.
The entry point into the community is always the local leaders, who understand the local political, social, cultural, and economic dynamics in the areas concerned. The LRP management has a good understanding of the dynamics involved in project implementation in the Somali context and makes use of the chain of command at the village level. This has proved to be a successful approach in most cases, except where there are some differences of opinion among the local communities. Such misunderstandings were noticed in Libaho and Haji Kheir villages in Nugal Region and in Taleh town of Sool Region. The level of community cohesion in Mudug Region as far as LRP activities and relationship with LRP staff are concerned is remarkable.
Despite the difficult terrain in Sool and parts of Mudug, the LRP staffs visit project sites on a regular and frequent basis. It is impressive to see the familiarity of the community with LRP and LNGO staffs and projects. This strategy has not only greatly improved monitoring of project activities, but would also ensure an exceptional achievement of the stated objectives of the project.
The impact of the Program
Water Resources Development
The positive impact of the LRP on the entire target communities in general and the target communities in particular is enormous in terms of water resources development, environmental management, enterprise development and livestock health and marketing improvement. While the positive impacts of certain interventions, such as water resources development are already visible in some areas, there is negligible impact in other areas.
The construction of new water ponds and the rehabilitation of old ones in Nugal and parts of Sool Regions could not be effectively assessed because of weather limitations. For example, it has not rained adequately in most of Nugal and Sool Regions to understand the full extent of the benefits derived from water ponds. Certain exceptions exist, particularly in Sool Region where the rehabilitation of wells has had tremendous impact on the accessibility to water. For example, a huge stone was removed from the mouth of Hulul Shallow Well near Godalo in Sool Region to create ample space for residents to access its waters. The LNGO, SVO removed the stone and constructed steps into the well with LRP funds for ease of water collection. It is estimated that about 300 households now have access to the well. According to Abdullahi Hassan and Asli Hashi, pastoralists we found near the well, said that the number of users has increased remarkably since the rehabilitation work was undertaken. They also acknowledged that it was difficult for women and children to draw water from the well because of risks involved in accessing the waters.
It is in Mudug where the best success story of water development is visible. Boreholes have been rehabilitated in all the three sites in the region. Water output has increased so has the number of beneficiary households. In Goldogob town, for example, the volume of households with running water has increased from 450 to 828. This is an increase of 84 percent. Water output has increased from 6,000 liters/hr previously to 15,000 liters/hr now, an increase of 150 percent.
In Rigomane village water output has increased from about 6,000 liters/hr to 20,000 liters/hr, an increase of 233 percent. It is estimated that water use has increased by about 30 percent in Bursalah village. The residents of Bursalah estimate that about 500 households had access to the borehole previously; the number has now increased to about 750 households, an increase of 50 percent.
Gully control structures
Gully controls were done only in two regions Nugal and Sool. The impacts of soil erosion control could not be adequately assessed because they have not been tested by gushing waters yet. However, the control structures are firm and in place. From the physical observation it seems that those structures will help reduce the speed of gushing waters in succession, which in turn will reduce erosion and help hold back the running waters. It is expected that in the long term gullies will fill and there would be more retention of water on the surface, which could lead to vegetation growth. Some of these have already happened in Sool Region. The Gu rains have just passed and the proper impact of the intervention could be assessed fully when the Deyr and next Gu come around.
The cash for work program initiated within the environmental protection and gully control activities has had several benefits. First, the structures help control soil erosion. In terms of community purchasing power, the immediate injection of cash into the local economy has improved the communitys ability to purchase basic needs. Second, the beneficiaries have been able to pay their debts. Third, school fees and medical expenses were taken care of using the earnings from the program. Thus, cash for work programs have helped protect the environment from direct labor and have provided cash for beneficiaries. For example, about 90 people were employed in the construction of two ballis in Sarmanyo for a period of 15 days.
Enterprise Development
So far, enterprise development in recipient areas is doing well. The impact of the small businesses is anticipated to be huge, although businesses started barely a few months ago. The sensitivity and screening of deserving households for the enterprises seems to have delayed business start-ups. The shops in Nugal and Sool are up and running while livestock marketing in Mudug is picking up well. It was not easy to establish the profitability of these businesses because of the short duration of time they are in operation, but so far they are on the right track.
NAHA Trainings
As has been mentioned earlier, 60 Nomadic Animal Health Auxiliaries (NAHAs) have been trained under the LRP program in Puntland. The training of the trainers as well as NAHA trainees was done by the VSF-Suisse. As stated earlier, the benefits accrued and the impact of the program is visible in the training aspect and what remains is the implementation of the livestock disease control, which should be the focus of the second phase of the program. The VSF-Suisse will contribute towards the development of livestock policy, which will enhance the impact of the livestock health improvement program.
Women, the minority, and disadvantaged people
Women, minority communities, the disabled, and the aged were taken care of quite adequately in the program. For example, a woman is included in all NAHA trainings, i.e. one woman and four men in each set of trainees. In most cases, the composition of women was between 30-40% in cash for work programs. In the gully control work, women were employed and were allowed only to carry out light duties, such as removing mud or soil and arranging small stones. This is an effort to maintain gender balancing in project activities. In Libaho the local people worked for 13 old men so that the latter could earn from the project. Most members of the SMEs are women, except in a few instances where there are 1-2 men. Women are the backbone of pastoral communities; particularly their closeness to children and the most vulnerable members of the family makes them the most appropriate target for assistance. Thus, the support and business training accorded to women needs to be strengthened further so that their SMEs can take off successfully. These SMEs need to be monitored closely to achieve their stated objectives.
In Haji Kheir, one of the members of the SME is a blind man who sells cigarettes and said that he is doing quite well. In Taleh there were eight women and two men in each of the SME group. In Goldogob all SME members were women, in Rigomane there were four women and one man, while in Bursalah all the 10 members were women. Women involvement in the SME activities, cash for work programs, and in NAHAs is readily visible and expected results of these activities will have positive impacts on family incomes.
Program Sustainability
The community was consulted widely in all the regions prior to implementation of the LRP activities. The objectives of the LRP were clearly spelt out in the beginning of the project. The community expressed several things that they wanted done for them, but which were not in LRP list. For example, some communities wanted sanitation, education, and drilling of boreholes provided for them.
The commitment of the community and other stakeholders existed at various levels. For instance, in Goldogob the community provided labor for the installation and repair of the water pump and provided the land on which the meat market and the abattoir were constructed. They have a committee of three people to take care of the water source. These are the director, a mechanic, and a person in charge of livestock watering.
Recipients of SMEs, NAHAs, and a selection of participants from all beneficiary villages have been trained on a variety of issues. For example, the SMEs were trained on small business management while NAHAs were trained on livestock physiology and disease detection and treatment. Village elders and administrators have been trained on organizational management, participatory training and conflict resolution. They said that the trainings have been useful and educative and look forward to more of it. The lessons learnt so far is that the project is on course and have attained some of its objectives. The remaining phase of the project is expected to address the remaining objectives as stated in the initial program. The communities of Nugal and Sool Regions where check dams have been constructed view the projects as beneficial to their livelihoods. As has been mentioned earlier, the full potential and widespread benefits of the check dams have not been realized at this stage, but the community expectations are high and they have promised to protect and improve on the structures.
Conflict Management Efforts
Conflict resolution among pastoral communities is key to the successful completion of LRP activities. CAREs Senior Program Officer facilitated several workshops in target areas focusing on conflict resolution and management. Achievements made in this regard include arriving at recommendations made by the communities to manage and minimize the impact of conflict on pastoral livelihood. These include:
formation of committees for conflict resolution (these should be done in a way of consensus),
reinforcement of local norms for natural resource conservation,
to organize awareness programs and involvement among women and local elders, and
to ensure participative consultation and mediation among communities.
The communities visited certainly support frequent trainings on and resolution of conflicts in target areas. The LRP has an ample opportunity to work closely with the communities in the field of conflict resolution, which is an area that deserves more attention.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The mid-term evaluation exercise has shown that the LRP is on course and the objectives have been stated clearly and being implemented in a manner that indicates a high degree of achievement. I have argued that the intervention activities are all relevant for Puntland. The local residents do not dispute the relevance and appropriateness of the program, but the needs seem to surpass what the LRP can offer in the short term. Interventions in water resources development, gully erosion control, small business development, and livestock health and marketing improvement need to continue until the end of the LRP so that even if not all the stated objectives have been achieved, the foundation for long-term recovery of the pastoral populations in the target areas would have been set. Furthermore, the LRP would act as a model of pastoral livelihood recovery strategies not only in Somalia, but also in the other pastoral areas of the Horn African region.
With improvement in livestock health and development of water resources, livestock production is certainly going to exhibit considerable improvement. The increase in livestock production needs to be followed up by an increase in the market outlets of livestock and livestock products. At the moment, even if livestock production is satisfactory, the weak link exists in the marketing area. Although livestock marketing is not emphasizes in the LRP, it would be a relevant idea to think about a future livestock marketing component to create an outlet for the increased and improved livestock populations in the project area.
In the creation of alternative employments, a lot of attention needs to be paid to the youth. This would serve several important purposes. First, the created employment for the youth would generate incomes for them. Second, it would discourage them from engaging in conflicts. Third, the youth would be kept away from burning charcoal to rehabilitation of degraded lands. The latter is a chronic problem in Sool where the youth have been employed to burn charcoal to feed the ever-expanding local demands and oversees markets. The creation of funds for youth or sports promotion would probably reduce the chances of the youth engaging in violent activities (this is applicable to all the regions) and would help conserve the environment in checking gullies and reclaiming degraded lands, particularly in Sool Region.
The focus on water resources management, gully controls, and animal health in Nugal is sound. However, the water catchment structures need to be expanded and improved to achieve the maximum benefits of the intervention. The focus on water resources management and gully controls in Sool is crucial, but other aspects of environmental management, particularly charcoal burning, need to be addressed adequately and urgently. This recommendation calls for an introduction of a comprehensive environmental protection program that emphasizes the charcoal burning issue in Sool. This is important because water resource improvement and soil erosion controls are considerably dependent upon vegetation conservation.
The focus on water resource management and animal health improvement in Mudug is key to the development of the livestock sector in the region. As I mentioned earlier, livestock marketing component need to be revisited keeping in mind why CAREs earlier interventions in livestock marketing have failed. New insights in these fields need to be gained to improve the LRP and other future programs.
The development of diverse water sources would be ideal to enable the community have access to different sources of water at different times of the year. For example, water ponds are ideal in the rangelands for livestock and nomadic pastoral communities while boreholes would be ideal near permanently settled villages. In those areas that have only one kind of water resource, the pressure exerted on that resource is enormous. Unfortunately, all the areas visited have only one kind of water source, however, most of Nugal and Sool sites, such as Sarmanyo have private barkats that usually impose a fee on water users. Goldogob also has private barkats.
The constructed water ponds are small in size and cannot sustain an increasing number of people and livestock. They would serve the purpose of holding water during the rainy season, but its water would be depleted in a short span of time. Moreover, in periods of intense drought the small sources would be inadequate for a large number of users. The idea of rehabilitating broken boreholes in areas that already had one, e.g. Usgure and Godalo and others could be considered first before the construction of new ones are initiated.
Unplanned water infrastructure improvement may lead to undesirable effects of sedentarization of nomadic pastoralists, which in turn produces excess pressure on water and land resources. What would be an ideal scenario is the development of boreholes near already established settlements for human use and water ponds in the rangelands for pastoralists and livestock. The advantage of boreholes is that they can easily be managed if proper management committees are constituted to take care of them. The management needs to collect relevant fees that could be used for repair and maintenance of the machines. On the other hand, it is difficult to control the use of water ponds unless they are fenced properly. Therefore, ballis encourage free access while boreholes can effectively and sustainably be managed.
Gully controls must go hand in hand with deforestation control programs. This need is more pronounced in Sool Region than any other in Puntland.
The SMEs target the poor and would help provide goods and services to pastoralists. This interaction would help livestock marketing through loaning and trading relationships. Goldogob needs more attention on livestock production and marketing because of the relatively well-developed water resources. The strong community cohesion in Goldogob is an asset that could be utilized to strengthen the current and future recovery programs.
NAHAs need veterinary drugs, which were on their way at the time of the mid-term evaluation exercise. Although NAHAs have received basic training, they seem to need more of it.
The launching of LRP II will certainly consolidate the gains made thus far. If left on their own, the community capacity to manage and sustainably administer some of the facilities and activities may wane with time and gains made could be lost. Furthermore, certain programs, such as livestock health improvement, water resources development, and gully controls are long term projects that could be stretched into another phase for its full benefits to be realized. The communities I talked with would like to see more done in those interventions. The key areas that LRP II needs to focus on have been discussed in detail in the above sections. The benefits of LRP II would be enormous. First, initiation of phase II would ensure continuity of the activities of phase I. Second, phase II would ensure that the stated objectives of the project, some of which are long-term in nature, have been achieved. Finally, it would be proper to hand over the project activities to the communities concerned when all have been put on the right track. It is difficult at the moment to foresee any serious risks to the initiation of LRP phase II. However, community cohesion is an important factor to the success of the current as well as the phase II of this project. Whenever there is a dispute within the community regarding LRP activities the management team must take it seriously and undertaking to mediate between the groups before things get out of hand. There is no harm to exclude unfriendly villages from project activities until they agree to work as a team.
Annexes
Annex 1: The Terms of Reference
Background information on livelihood recovery program
CARE Somalia/South Sudan works with partners in Somalia and South Sudan to identify and address the underlying causes of poverty and social injustice, through strengthening civil society, responding to emergencies and supporting policy processes. Following the destructive effects of the tsunami tidal waves on the livelihoods of coastal communities in Puntland in December 2004, there was an outpouring generosity from the donor community to help affected communities recover and restore their livelihoods. Less publicized, however, was the effects that redirected funds to tsunami-affected areas had on the well being of other poor communities in Puntland. As donor-aid poured into the tsunami-hit areas, many communities in Puntland, including some that were neighbouring tsunami-affected areas, found themselves in a greater need of assistance than they were prior to the tsunami, and there were potentials for conflict with tsunami communities because of the overflow of aid to these communities.
The Puntland Livelihood Recovery Programme, LRP, funded by the Kresge Foundation, was designed to address this potential conflict, through funding for Silent Tsunamis, or the less publicized emergencies that affect millions in Somalia each day. The funding was targeted at marginalized populations that receive far less attention and investment than coastal tsunami-affected areas, and was intended to focus on rebuilding the livelihoods of pastoral communities neighbouring the tsunami-affected areas.
The specific objective for CAREs Livelihood Recovery Project is to ensure 6,000 vulnerable householdsin four regions of Puntland have recovered from impact of disasters and achieved increased livelihood security by August 2008
The LRP programme was designed to achieve the following results:
3000 HH have increased access to water for both humans and animals.
Puntland natural resources management policy is reviewed and understood by target communities.
Effective and representative user groups (water and pastures) are operational in target communities.
Smallholder pastoral HHs realise increased income from livestock sales.
200 profitable micro-enterprises have been established by target groups.
Business oriented community animal health services developed and functional
The key dimensions of LRP implementation will incorporate:
Contributing to community level conflict management. Through strengthening community and local CBOs capacity to anlyse and manage conflicts over natural resources use, and promote non-violent mechanisms for resolving conflicts within the communities.
Implementation considerations for water and soil conservation rehabilitation: Rehabilitation of water points through labour-intensive methods to create jobs and provide income to affected communities.
Incorporating gender and diversity concerns: This is intended to ensure that the program does not inadvertently reinforce practices that marginalise one or the other gender, and to specifically ensure that womens role in HH and community level decision making is enhanced.
Promotion of a rights based approach (RBA): This program will expose and address the root causes of vulnerability and marginalisation, and expand the range of choices available to the target communities and individuals. In addition to exposing and addressing the root causes of vulnerability, the program will enhance peoples participation disaster management policy development and implementation, promote inclusion of minority and other marginalised groups, and promote local peoples engagement with decision makers.
Collaboration with Government, local CBOs and NGOs: The views of all stakeholders will be sought during the design, analysis of issues, implementation, monitoring and evaluation processes. This will include vulnerable populations, local elites, women, ethnic minorities, children, government, CARE staff, community leaders and rural communities.
LRP Puntland Project Achievements
The cash for work activities will construct gully control structures, water conservation ponds as well as rehabilitation of existing water resources and hence provide the beneficiaries with the income needed to meet their immediate food and household needs. To address the longer-term livelihood insecurity faced by pastoralists in the targeted districts, CARE will work with pastoral institutions that can be the voice for the pastoralists through review and integration of traditional and national Puntland natural resources management policies and ensuring that they are understood by the communities. To achieve this strategy, CARE has facilitated the formation of effective Pastoralists Development Committee and User committees in each district. CARE is undertaking capacity building to ensure institutions are effective in addressing the concerns of the pastoralists. On the other hand, from the outputs derived as a result of the above, smallholder pastoralist households will be in a position to realise income from livestock sales. CARE is also working towards developing 200 profitable micro-enterprises as an alternative for pastoralist households, who lost all their livestock and would want to venture in other small micro enterprises. Finally the project has initiated a business oriented community animal heath service, that has seen formation of the Nomadic Animal Health Auxiliaries and strengthening their capacity though training facilitated by Vet professionals.
Purpose of the evaluation
The mid term evaluation is meant to assess whether the project is on course based on its original plan. The evaluation shall be a formative one whereby full participation of the project staff and stakeholders is emphasised in order to enhance and improve the project performance and output. CARE shall hire an external consultant for 21 days to carry out the mid-term evaluation.
The projects mid term evaluation is part of the agreement with the Kresge Foundation. The mid-term evaluation will be done to check on the progress achieved by the project so far and come up with any possible re-orientation of the project after determination of the relevancy of the current project strategy. The evaluation is primarily targeted for the project staff and the donors. At the end of the evaluation, the external consultant shall produce report and present it to CARE.
Issues to be studied
As mentioned earlier that the evaluation is a formative one aimed at improving the current project performance, therefore, the main issues that the evaluation should address include:
An assessment of a number of critical elements in the project approach and methodology
To assess in detail the relevance of the relief component against the current food security context of the project area. In order to do so the consultant will analyze the food security situation, bringing together existing sources of information and where necessary verify this through fieldwork.
To assess the linkage of the project relief component and its pastoral capacity and institution building components, and provide suggestions to improve this linkage.
Assess the effectiveness of measures taken to ensure project achievements are not lost and provide suggestions for improving the sustainability of the project.
Review the effectiveness and relevance of the selection criteria for areas, structures and cash for work participants. With a specific focus on the latter: the selection of vulnerable households for CfW.
B. An assessment of the achievements of the project so far against specific criteria
Furthermore, the consultant shall assess the project achievements against the following criteria (relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability):
Relevance
The consultant should look at the design of the project and assess the extent to which the stated project objectives address the identified problems or real needs.
Efficiency
Analyse the quality of day-to-day management (adequacy of project budget, management of personnel, project properties, communication, relation management with elders, community leaders, LNGOs, other development partners, etc)
Local capacity building: How far the project was able to strengthen the capacity of pastoral institutions such as Pastoral Development Committees
Review if the technical design and quality of works undertaken is appropriate and adequate.
Review and assess the quality of monitoring
Effectiveness
Assess whether the beneficiaries (communities and LNGOs) perceive that the planned benefits have been delivered and received.
Assess the appropriateness of the indicators (OVIs) including any changes made during the course of project implementation.
Impact
Assess progress against the planned overall objectives and (where possible) against the indicators.
Assess to what extent the project has progressed in strengthening the capacity of pastoral institutions?
Assess the impact of the projects on the purchasing power of beneficiary households and, as a result, their poverty reduction.
Analyse the project approach to gender and its impact on gender equity and related issues.
Assess the possible intended or unintended impact on environment
Sustainability
Ownership of objectives and achievements: to what extent were the stakeholders consulted and involved in defining the objectives, the selection process for activities and beneficiaries, implementation, monitoring and evaluation?
Institutional capacity: Assess the degree of commitment of stakeholders, community and pastoral institutions in cost sharing, the measures taken to strengthen their capacity and suggest improvements for the future.
Document lessons learned by the project so far
Analyse the capacity building component of the project including appropriateness of training methods and suitability of messages and curriculum.
Assess the economical and financial sustainability of the interventions.
Methodology:
1. Briefing by CARE in Nairobi
2. Review of reference documents
Kresge Agreement, Project financing agreements.
Project document
Project baseline survey
Project log frame
Progress reports.
Financial reports.
Capacity assessment tools for pastoral institutions Capacity building.
Any other relevant documents
3. Field Work
Interact with field staff and finalize the field visit plan
Interact with local NGOs and other stakeholders as relevant
Conduct focus group discussions with different groups at the communities
Observe field activities such as erosion control structures-gulley controls and water ponds/ borehole rehabilitations, as well as the meat markets and the abattoirs.
Focus group discussions should include pastoral institution committees, women groups, elders, and general communities benefiting from the project. There should be adequate women representation and participation during discussions.
Outputs of the consultancy
The outputs of the evaluation should include a presentation in Nairobi to CARE and a report, which documents the main findings, lessons learned and recommendations.
The consultants will produce the following specific outputs:
Review the suggested TOR and reference documents and develop and present an outline of the methodology, to present to CARE within first three days of the evaluation. This should include their understanding of the task and include a work plan based on the proposed tentative time schedule.
Prepare a preliminary assessment in the field outlining main findings and recommendations and debrief the same among the project staff and LNGO. Compile their feedback and incorporate it in the draft evaluation report.
Prepare a draft evaluation report and present the main findings to CARE. Incorporate comments from CARE and produce a final report.
The consultant need to produce 3 hard copies of all reports produced plus 3 electronic copies in Adobe Acrobat and MS Word on CD of the final report.
Annex 2: A list of persons met
Nugal Region, Dangorayo District
Dangorayo Town
Mursal Yuusuf Mahamaud Guddoomiya
Ciise Ahmed Cismaan K/Xigeen
Ciise C/qaadir Mahamud Xoghaye
Cismaan Aw cabdi Mahamed Xildhibaan
Gurey Daahir Qarafaa
Ahmed Sheikh Faarid Wahbarashada
Khadija Fidaar Haweenka
Mukhtaar Ali Hussein Dhallinyarada
Sharma arke Ahmed Shire Bulshada
Ahmed Isse Mohammed CARE
Faduma Adan Ali Garwado
Abdisemed Yusuf Mahamud Project Manager, Garwado
Libaho Village
Adan Mohamed Mohamud
Nuuro Adan Ali
Ayan Mohamed Nur
Saado Yusuf Abdi
Abshir Isman Mohamud
Nasir Adan Ahmed
Abdiaziz Ali Muuse
Saruur Farah Yusuf Vice Chairman of Village Committee
Farah Jama Yusuf
Farah Said Yusuf
Mohamed Ahmed Isman
Haji Kheir Village
Mohamud Haji Kheir Chairman Village Committee
Mahad Abdi Artan Committee Member
Yusuf Aynaab Shabele
Mursal Gure Ali
Mahamed Ahmed Siyad
Mahamed Ali Warsame
Mahamud Jama Abdi
Jama Khalif Muuse
Shire Ismail Ali
Umar Ali Farah
Mahad Said Rage
Isse Ahmed Ali
Ahmed Ali Rage
Usgure Village
Ahmed Isman Ali
Said Ali Dhawaaf
Mahamed Jama Yusuf
Mahamed Ahmed Ali
Abdi Bootan Aw-Abdi
Said Ali Muuse
Sureed Bulhan Farah
Ahmed Haji Ahmed
Ahmed Abdullahi Ahmed
Abdinur Jama Muuse
Ahmed Nuuh Hussein
Haji Mahamed Aw-Muuse
Muuse Ilmi Farah
Abdishakur Nuur Aw-Hussein
Mahamed Shire Yusuf
Zakaria Bulhan Farah
Halima Yusuf Adan
Asha Mahad Bulhan
Fadumo Ahmed Isse
Hafiso Gaani Bulhan
Said Dahir Hassan
Dahir Mohamud
Sool Region, Hudun District
Sarmanyo Village
Garad Suleiman
Abdi Jama Farah
Abdi Ahmed
Abdi Garad Mahamed
Mahamed Ali
Abdillahi Ibrahim
Mahamed Abdillahi
Adan Ali Artan
Ahmed Mahamed
Jawahir Haji Jama
Sahra Ibrahim
Zainab Mahamed Dheere
God Alo Village
Abdullahi Hassan
Asli Hashi
Jama Hussein Farah
Hassan Mahamed Farah
Mahamud Adan Mahamed
Mahamed Muuse Ismail
Isman Hassan Salah
Bile Artan Nuur
Isman Yusuf Guled
Awil Hassan Yusuf
Saleban Bile Ali
Ali Mahamed Farah
Zainab Awad Guled
Fadumo Muuse Ismail
Khadijo Mahamud Jama
Siyaado Bashir Hareed
Taleh District
Taleh Town
Mohammed Hersi Nur (resident near the rock dams outside Taleh)
Abdirahman Umar Ali
Mohamed Ahmed Bulale
Sharmarke Warabe Ali
Mahamed Usman Chairman, SME Group B
Galdogob District
Galdogob Town
Pastoral Association Committee
Hashi Daahir Abdille
Abdisalam Yusuf Haji
Mahamed Ahmed Abdille
Jamil Muhammad Hassan
Adam Abdi Mahamud
Burhaan Huruuse Abbi
Usman Yusuf Said
Nomadic Animal Health Association (NAHA)
Ahmed Abdille Shuukeeye
Abdisahal Mahammed Hersi
Abdikani Farah Mahammed
Abdillahi Gafa Gesod
Small and Medium Enterprises (SME)
Halima Hassan Isse
Maryam Sheikh Abdi Ali
Nadifa Hange Muuse
Fatima Said Hirrow
Muhubbo Faraton Hassan
Hawa (Beer Qaac)
Fatima Ali
Hawo Ali Mahamud
Halimo Hussein Muuse
Kadar Abdullahi Mahamud
Rigomane Village
Pastoral Association, NAHA, and SME Committee
Abdiaziz Ahmed Yusuf
Mahamed Mahamud Gurei
Farah Warsame Ali
Said Abdi Mahamud
Hassan Mahmud Mahamed
Jamal Abdiaziz Ahmed
Mahamed Yasin Said
Bur Salah Village
Pastoral Association Committee
Bashir Abdinur Egal
Abdirahman Haashi Muuse
Mukhtar Mohamed Khalif
Kilwa Mohamed Adam
Farhan Abdillahi Warsame
Abdi Hassan Dhulfas
Sahro Mahamed Kulmie
Abdi Mahamed Gamadiid
Idmone Yasin Harbi
Abdirazaq Adaysey
NAHA
Bashir Mohamed Guled
Abdirazaq Mohamed Abdi
Mursal Mohamed Abdi
SME
Maryam Khalif Abdi Chairperson
Fatima Shabel Guled Vice Chairperson
Natifa Mohamed Shabel Secretary
Hali Abdi Osman Treasurer
Ibado Farah Mohamed Member
Farhio Mahad Adam Member
Falis Farah Ali Member
Adar Kulmie Ali Member
Rukia Farah Kahie Member
Saido Askar Abdi Member
Briefing to CARE staff in Garowe, Puntland on May 7, 2007
Abdullahi Iman Sub-Office Coordinator
Farhiya Ismail Food Security Program Manger
Ahmad Isse Senior Program Officer, LRP
Ahmad Ali Mirre Program Officer, LRP/PPP
Irro Program Officer, Enterprise Development
Said Ahmad Capacity Building Officer
Said Mohammed Project Engineer, FSP
References
ADDIN EN.REFLIST CARE Somalia
2006 Puntland Livelihood Recovery Program. Semi Annual Report, July-December 2006.
CARE Somalia
No date. LRP Project Implementation Plan
Mahmoud, Hussein A., and Ibrahim H. Mohamed
2005 Natural Resource Management Practices and Implications for Pastoral Livelihoods in Puntland State, Northeast Somalia. A consultancy report submitted to CARE and VSF-Suisse Puntland Pastoral Program (PPP).
PDRC
2003 Somali Customary Law and Traditional Economy. Puntland Development and Research Centre, Garowe.
The author is a Lecturer in the Department of Geography, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya and a consultant on pastoral livestock marketing, livelihoods, conflicts, and natural resource management in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. Contacts: PO Box 536 Njoro, Kenya, email: HYPERLINK "mailto:hamahm2@yahoo.com" hamahm2@yahoo.com
There are nine women and one in the Haji Kheyr SME. The man is blind, which takes care of inclusion of the disabled in the SME establishments in the project area.
PAGE
PAGE 1
CBOs, CSOs and Government agencies: To work directly with beneficiary communities and representative associations.
PPP - PM
LSP - PM
LRP - PM
SECTOR COORDINATOR
Pastoral/Veterinary Expert
SPO - Governance and CSO
SPO - Enterprise Devt.
Cash for work expert
Community members, target HHs, resource User associations, SMEs etc.
PM& E Facilitator
+
-
6
@
A
Q
V
x
}
Y ^ e f Ǹǫ뤙xrrrlf
h #q ^J
h ^J
h# ^J hy; hAf ^J
hW ^J hy; hCoc ^J hy; hVE ^J hy; hVE CJ ^J hy; hVE
h 5^J
hqu ^J ht5 h ^J
h ^J ht5 hVE ^J j hy; h _ 0J 5U^J ht5 hVE 5^J hy; hVE 5^J hy; hG[ 5^J ( T U V W
gdqu $a$gdVE E E
L ~
!
`gd# gd #q gdVE gdVE $a$gdVE f j D E
D , - G H I J K L ^ _ y 辵}l}}V} *h0V 5;OJ QJ \aJ mH nH tH u j h) UmH nH u j h0V UmH nH u h0V mH nH uh&Q7