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Food Sufficiency For Farmers Summative Evaluation
The Canadian support for the Food Sufficiency for Farmers (FSF) project will come to an end on October 31, 2018, and now it is the interest of the Global Affairs Canada (GAC) to commission this summative evaluation for the purpose of:
• Identifying best practices and approaches that can be built on to inform improvements to the implementation of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) livelihood components; and
• Informing areas where the FSF project has achieved its results and the level of sustainability of the project results.
Read More...
• Identifying best practices and approaches that can be built on to inform improvements to the implementation of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) livelihood components; and
• Informing areas where the FSF project has achieved its results and the level of sustainability of the project results.
Read More...
Estudio sobre la situación de la seguridad alimentaria y las prácticas de alimentación infantil en hogares del ámbito de intervención del proyecto “Ella Alimenta el mundo”
CARE Perú es una Organización No Gubernamental que ha venido trabajando por mas de 50 años en intervenciones comunitarias para mejorar la nutrición y desarrollo en niñas y niños, alrededor de todo el país.
El presente estudio, buscó obtener información de primera mano sobre el estado actual de algunos de los indicadores del componente nutricional del proyecto del proyecto “Ella Alimenta al Mundo”, con la finalidad analizar los posibles efectos que pudieron darse un año después de la Línea de Base y considerando los potenciales factores influyentes en estos indicadores de estudio, en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19.
Ante ello, la consultora responsable del estudio diseñó y adaptó un protocolo adecuado con las variables de estudio que pudieran ser medidas de manera online (vía telefónica) como lo han venido haciendo otras intervenciones y estudios en salud pública alrededor del mundo, dado el contexto de la pandemia. La recolección de datos se dio entre los meses de junio y julio del 2021 bajo la modalidad telefónica teniendo en cuenta las restricciones de tránsito y recomendaciones vigentes de los organismos gubernamentales para evitar la propagación de COVID-19 en el país. Se reclutó un equipo de 11 encuestadores con formación de nutrición, quienes fueron designados a tres equipos según ámbito de estudio: i) Piura (Sullana), ii) Ica (San José de los Molinos y Subtanjalla) y iii) –Lima (Pachacámac), quienes aplicaron las encuestas bajo la supervisión de los especialistas y practicantes de cada ámbito, además de la consultora, asegurando la total objetividad y precisión de la información recolectada.
El estudio recolectó información de 569 niños menores de 5 años acerca de sus indicadores sociodemográficos e inseguridad alimentaria, así como también información en prácticas de alimentación infantil en un total de 115 niños menores de 24 meses.
El presente informe final de la evaluación de medio tiempo, resume los resultados de esta información según los indicadores clave y por distritos.
Indicadores Read More...
El presente estudio, buscó obtener información de primera mano sobre el estado actual de algunos de los indicadores del componente nutricional del proyecto del proyecto “Ella Alimenta al Mundo”, con la finalidad analizar los posibles efectos que pudieron darse un año después de la Línea de Base y considerando los potenciales factores influyentes en estos indicadores de estudio, en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19.
Ante ello, la consultora responsable del estudio diseñó y adaptó un protocolo adecuado con las variables de estudio que pudieran ser medidas de manera online (vía telefónica) como lo han venido haciendo otras intervenciones y estudios en salud pública alrededor del mundo, dado el contexto de la pandemia. La recolección de datos se dio entre los meses de junio y julio del 2021 bajo la modalidad telefónica teniendo en cuenta las restricciones de tránsito y recomendaciones vigentes de los organismos gubernamentales para evitar la propagación de COVID-19 en el país. Se reclutó un equipo de 11 encuestadores con formación de nutrición, quienes fueron designados a tres equipos según ámbito de estudio: i) Piura (Sullana), ii) Ica (San José de los Molinos y Subtanjalla) y iii) –Lima (Pachacámac), quienes aplicaron las encuestas bajo la supervisión de los especialistas y practicantes de cada ámbito, además de la consultora, asegurando la total objetividad y precisión de la información recolectada.
El estudio recolectó información de 569 niños menores de 5 años acerca de sus indicadores sociodemográficos e inseguridad alimentaria, así como también información en prácticas de alimentación infantil en un total de 115 niños menores de 24 meses.
El presente informe final de la evaluación de medio tiempo, resume los resultados de esta información según los indicadores clave y por distritos.
Indicadores Read More...
KUKUA NI KUJIFUNZA (GROWING IS LEARNING) PROJECT
the knowledge and skills acquired by participating women farmers brought positive changes in their lives. About 72.5% and 61.87% of the female and male respondents respectively reported that the trainings were useful in their day to day lives while 27.5% and 37.35% respectively reported that the trainings were very useful. However, 0.78% of female respondents reported that the trainings were not useful. Enabling gender equality and empowering vulnerable and rural small-scale women farmers was an important aspect in the KnK project. Consequently, rural small-scale women farmers were the most targeted in the KnK project. Out of 341 respondents from 15 villages, 260 (76.2%) were female, and 81 (23.8%) were male. People with disabilities were 101 (2.6%) out of the 3,825 direct participants of the KnK project.
Participants in the KnK project were given an opportunity to engage in soya production as one of the strategies to eradicate malnutrition. During the endline evaluation process, it was revealed that a high proportion of the KnK participants (99.2%) engaged in soya beans production. Before the KnK project, soya was not ranked as a food crop implying that farmers did not know its nutrition value, and that the crop was not considered as a reliable source of household income. The endline evaluation revealed that farmers realized the value of soya crop production, in terms of nutrition value and source of income. The mode of operandi of the KnK project laid a solid foundation that could make it sustain for years to come. The legacy of the project in terms of knowledge and skills acquired by participants, as well as the positive changes in their lives, may encourage them to sustain
activities implemented during the project. In fact, there is cause for participants to continue to engage in economic and social activities implemented by the KnK project. The KnK project had good institutional arrangements in place, and this made it easier to coordinate the project activities. Strong partnership with other stakeholders contributed significantly to overall performance of the project. Read More...
Participants in the KnK project were given an opportunity to engage in soya production as one of the strategies to eradicate malnutrition. During the endline evaluation process, it was revealed that a high proportion of the KnK participants (99.2%) engaged in soya beans production. Before the KnK project, soya was not ranked as a food crop implying that farmers did not know its nutrition value, and that the crop was not considered as a reliable source of household income. The endline evaluation revealed that farmers realized the value of soya crop production, in terms of nutrition value and source of income. The mode of operandi of the KnK project laid a solid foundation that could make it sustain for years to come. The legacy of the project in terms of knowledge and skills acquired by participants, as well as the positive changes in their lives, may encourage them to sustain
activities implemented during the project. In fact, there is cause for participants to continue to engage in economic and social activities implemented by the KnK project. The KnK project had good institutional arrangements in place, and this made it easier to coordinate the project activities. Strong partnership with other stakeholders contributed significantly to overall performance of the project. Read More...
For the Project of Financial Linkage for Inclusion: Remote Ethnic Minority Women
In line with CARE Vietnam’s program priorities, Financial Linkage for Inclusion – a project funded by VISA - focuses on empowering ethnic minority women in Dien Bien through financial inclusion. The programme was implemented from July 2015 until March 2018. This project aims to increase Remote Ethnic Minority Women’s access to formal financial products and services to increase their financial inclusion. Under FinLINK, CARE International in Vietnam entered into a partnership with LienVietPost Bank to deploy the solution. It focuses on piloting a product is ViViet to support ethnic minority women VLSA members with access to formal financial services including savings and micro-loans.
The greatest impact of the project is to help the women know how to save money and manage their families’ finance. This would have huge downscale impacts in terms of families being able to improve their family health, education status etc. 97.6% of the VSLA group members said that they could save money on a regular basis. Among the increased income sources, 85.5% of the women (the highest proportion) said that their families’ income increased thanks to their shares contributed to the VSLA groups and their interests. Because of a habit of saving, 65.9% of the women said that they always managed to keep cash for urgent and emergent situations like sickness, paying children’s tuition fees, buying
fertilizer/pesticide in the event of a pest attack. The project clearly impacted not just at the level of building knowledge but there is an evidence of actual change in the behavior. Read More...
The greatest impact of the project is to help the women know how to save money and manage their families’ finance. This would have huge downscale impacts in terms of families being able to improve their family health, education status etc. 97.6% of the VSLA group members said that they could save money on a regular basis. Among the increased income sources, 85.5% of the women (the highest proportion) said that their families’ income increased thanks to their shares contributed to the VSLA groups and their interests. Because of a habit of saving, 65.9% of the women said that they always managed to keep cash for urgent and emergent situations like sickness, paying children’s tuition fees, buying
fertilizer/pesticide in the event of a pest attack. The project clearly impacted not just at the level of building knowledge but there is an evidence of actual change in the behavior. Read More...
TARINA Baseline Study for Interventions (TBSI)
After the Green Revolution in India the country could make available food sufficiency and the agricultural lands are dedicated to the staple grains wheat, rice and maize. But the conversion of diverse farmland into monoculture fields has come at the expense of micronutrient-rich crops, leaving much of the rural population chronically malnourished despite growing abundance in their midst . With an objective to boost the nutrition outcome at individual and women small holder household level in India, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) awarded grant to the Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition (TCI). TCI launched Technical Assistance and Research for Indian Nutrition and Agriculture (TARINA) in 2013 as a research initiative to develop solutions in a country where childhood stunting and anemia in women threaten long-term health and .
1. Provide technical assistance to make agricultural projects nutrition sensitive
2. Provide an evidence-driven pathway to policy reforms that promote availability and affordability of a more nutritious food system
3. Leadership and capacity increased to institutionalize nutrition sensitive agriculture in India
In Odisha, CARE India, a national level development organization, has been entrusted as an implementation partner for the TARINA project activities across 72 villages of the two districts of Kandhamal and Kalahandi.
As part of the project design, it has been planned to undertake a comprehensive intervention specific baseline study for establishing benchmarks, where concerned key components of the project could be measured to comprehend the outcomes and impacts that is committed in the project’s result framework. The design of the baseline study has been planned in two parts viz. TARINA Baseline Study (TBS) and TARINA Baseline Study for Interventions (TBSI). The TBS was undertaken by TCI while CARE India as an implementation partner was entrusted to implement TBSI to observe the changes among impact population due to each intervention Read More...
1. Provide technical assistance to make agricultural projects nutrition sensitive
2. Provide an evidence-driven pathway to policy reforms that promote availability and affordability of a more nutritious food system
3. Leadership and capacity increased to institutionalize nutrition sensitive agriculture in India
In Odisha, CARE India, a national level development organization, has been entrusted as an implementation partner for the TARINA project activities across 72 villages of the two districts of Kandhamal and Kalahandi.
As part of the project design, it has been planned to undertake a comprehensive intervention specific baseline study for establishing benchmarks, where concerned key components of the project could be measured to comprehend the outcomes and impacts that is committed in the project’s result framework. The design of the baseline study has been planned in two parts viz. TARINA Baseline Study (TBS) and TARINA Baseline Study for Interventions (TBSI). The TBS was undertaken by TCI while CARE India as an implementation partner was entrusted to implement TBSI to observe the changes among impact population due to each intervention Read More...
Krishi Utsho Endline Evaluation
Krishi Utsho is a self-sustaining market based model that operates through a multi-stakeholder participatory approach, wherein stakeholders such as private sector, government bodies and extensions, local community level shop owners (enlisted as franchisees), and rural farmers all come together to form a network of interconnected business and market interactions and relationships that benefit all. Through its unique business model, KU provides support to rural smallholder farmers (especially women) in accessing quality agro-inputs, market information, and technical assistance to strengthen and realize their agricultural
potential and help to sustain livelihoods as well as ensure food security.
This impact assessment has been undertaken to identify Krishi Utsho’s impact (economic and social) on beneficiary groups, and to assess performance in terms of intended objectives and outcomes. To capture the information required, mixed methodology was used – quantitative survey was administered to 400 KU farmers, while 9 FGDs (with farmers), 9IDIs (4 KU franchisee shop owners, 2 private suppliers, financial institution representatives, and 1 Upazila Agriculture Officer (UAO) were conducted to supplement the
qualitative information to support the quantitative data.
Under the umbrella of KU, the project has successfully developed a network of 251 agro-input shops (franchisees), 25 private sector suppliers with quality agro-inputs, strategic partnerships with government extension agents and financial institutions. Through this extensive and interconnected network, the project is able to serve the agro-input, technical support and information needs of over 51,788 smallholding rural farmers, out of which (27% are women). Apart from this, KU has ensured employment, income and different social securities of project beneficiaries. To ensure that vulnerable women are also benefited through the KU project, it undertook EWYSEA - an initiative under the broad KU umbrella, to facilitate and engage women and youth in income generating activities especially in agro-business. To advance in agriculture and increase outputs, it is important to have access to finance – something that the vulnerable farmers often lack. As such, to address this issue, KU started another initiative, namely MEDA that promotes and facilitates access to non-traditional financing for rural farmers in the KU geographical areas. Read More...
potential and help to sustain livelihoods as well as ensure food security.
This impact assessment has been undertaken to identify Krishi Utsho’s impact (economic and social) on beneficiary groups, and to assess performance in terms of intended objectives and outcomes. To capture the information required, mixed methodology was used – quantitative survey was administered to 400 KU farmers, while 9 FGDs (with farmers), 9IDIs (4 KU franchisee shop owners, 2 private suppliers, financial institution representatives, and 1 Upazila Agriculture Officer (UAO) were conducted to supplement the
qualitative information to support the quantitative data.
Under the umbrella of KU, the project has successfully developed a network of 251 agro-input shops (franchisees), 25 private sector suppliers with quality agro-inputs, strategic partnerships with government extension agents and financial institutions. Through this extensive and interconnected network, the project is able to serve the agro-input, technical support and information needs of over 51,788 smallholding rural farmers, out of which (27% are women). Apart from this, KU has ensured employment, income and different social securities of project beneficiaries. To ensure that vulnerable women are also benefited through the KU project, it undertook EWYSEA - an initiative under the broad KU umbrella, to facilitate and engage women and youth in income generating activities especially in agro-business. To advance in agriculture and increase outputs, it is important to have access to finance – something that the vulnerable farmers often lack. As such, to address this issue, KU started another initiative, namely MEDA that promotes and facilitates access to non-traditional financing for rural farmers in the KU geographical areas. Read More...
IMPACT OF SANCTIONS ON FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS IN NIGER Rapid Analysis Results in Tillabéry
The humanitarian situation in Niger was already urgent prior to the July 2023 political crisis and the imposition of sanctions by the international community. 4.3 million people, approximately 17% of Niger’s population, are in need of humanitarian assistance and 3.3 million people are projected to be experiencing crisis or worse levels of acute food insecurity. CARE recently conducted focus group discussions (FGD) in Tillabéry to determine how the crisis has affected food prices, livelihoods, and coping strategies for communities. Eight sex-disaggregated FGDs with 64 participants were completed at the end of August 2023 to analyze crisis impacts, especially for the most vulnerable, and to inform age, gender and disability-responsive humanitarian response in Niger.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SANCTIONS ON FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS:
Women and men reported facing challenges in sustaining their eating habits in the months and weeks to come, with women and girls reporting more difficulty maintaining current consumption patterns. 75% of the women’s FGDs reported that they would not be able to sustain current eating habits at all and only one all-women’s group estimated their normal food consumption to continue for only 2 weeks. All 4 men’s groups reported that they would all be able to maintain current eating habits, but only for approximately 30-90 days beyond survey time.
RISING FOOD PRICES: ⅔ of participants attributed the rise in food prices to the political crisis and subsequently imposed sanctions. Maize and rice, staple items in most household diets, are reported to have increased by 75% and 28% respectively one month after the crisis. Read More...
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SANCTIONS ON FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS:
Women and men reported facing challenges in sustaining their eating habits in the months and weeks to come, with women and girls reporting more difficulty maintaining current consumption patterns. 75% of the women’s FGDs reported that they would not be able to sustain current eating habits at all and only one all-women’s group estimated their normal food consumption to continue for only 2 weeks. All 4 men’s groups reported that they would all be able to maintain current eating habits, but only for approximately 30-90 days beyond survey time.
RISING FOOD PRICES: ⅔ of participants attributed the rise in food prices to the political crisis and subsequently imposed sanctions. Maize and rice, staple items in most household diets, are reported to have increased by 75% and 28% respectively one month after the crisis. Read More...
Variations in Village Savings and Loan Association (VSLA) Practices: An Assessment of Dynamics and Impacts in Zomba and Mangochi Districts – Titukulane Project
This assessment investigates variations in the practices of Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) in Zomba and Mangochi districts. While the VSLA model has been transformative in promoting financial inclusion and community empowerment in rural areas, there have been noticeable deviations from the CARE VSL methodology, commonly referred to as the standard methodology. With Titukulane's support for these VSLAs, it becomes imperative to comprehend the reasons and implications behind these changes.
The rapid assessment was instrumental in understanding the VSLA practices across selected districts. Qualitative data on the VSLA methodology variations were randomly drawn from 8 out of the 19 Traditional Authorities (TAs) where Titukulane is implementing interventions. Within this sample, the assessment encompassed diverse voices from VSLA members, Community Development Agents, Village Agents, and Titukulane staff. The research utilized a rapid assessment approach to gain a comprehensive overview of the VSLA practices in Zomba and Mangochi in a time-efficient manner. This methodology was chosen for its ability to capture immediate, relevant insights without necessitating the extended time frame typical of more intensive research methods. The rapid assessment prioritized direct interactions with participants, ensuring their experiences and perspectives were central to the data collected. This direct engagement proved invaluable, especially when exploring sensitive topics related to financial practices and internal group dynamics. Through this approach, the assessment aimed to offer a nuanced understanding of current VSLA practices and the motivations underpinning their variations. In the context of this study, variations refer to the distinct differences in approaches, outcomes, or practices observed among the groups, while deviations denote departures from the expected or standard methods prescribed by Titukulane, potentially indicating unique adaptations or challenges faced by certain groups.
Key Findings: VSLAs in both districts have adopted varied practices. Some VSLAs, for example, emphasize equal shares for every member, while others note disparities in contributions. Lending strategies, such as offering loans to non-members, also emerged, aiming to bolster financial inclusivity. However, such innovative strategies sometimes come with their own set of challenges, like difficulties in accurate record-keeping or financial strains from settling older debts using newer contributions. External influences, cultural beliefs, and regional dynamics also play key roles in these variations. Below is a complete list of the variations and deviations noted in the two districts:
• Shares and Savings: While some VSLAs continue to advocate for standardized shares per member to ensure equality, others experience disparities due to inconsistent contributions. For instance, in some groups members are allowed to purchase more than 5 shares at a time, with some purchasing up to 100 shares.
• Loan Practices: Innovative loan practices, including lending to non-members, aim to enhance financial inclusivity.
• Documentation and Record-Keeping: Challenges in maintaining accurate records are pervasive, with different approaches to record-keeping observed.
• Emergence of Digital Financing Platforms replacing cashboxes: In younger VSLA demographics, there's a rising adoption of digital financing platforms, such as Airtel Money and TNM Mpamba. However, this shift poses challenges for older members, who are less familiar with digital technologies.
• Religious and Cultural Adjustments: Deep-seated religious beliefs influence some VSLAs to refrain from charging interest.
• Influence of External Entities: VSLAs display adaptability and responsiveness to external influences, including NGOs and community initiatives.
• Group Dynamics: Many VSLAs have larger membership counts than recommended, possibly reflecting community resource pooling. Read More...
The rapid assessment was instrumental in understanding the VSLA practices across selected districts. Qualitative data on the VSLA methodology variations were randomly drawn from 8 out of the 19 Traditional Authorities (TAs) where Titukulane is implementing interventions. Within this sample, the assessment encompassed diverse voices from VSLA members, Community Development Agents, Village Agents, and Titukulane staff. The research utilized a rapid assessment approach to gain a comprehensive overview of the VSLA practices in Zomba and Mangochi in a time-efficient manner. This methodology was chosen for its ability to capture immediate, relevant insights without necessitating the extended time frame typical of more intensive research methods. The rapid assessment prioritized direct interactions with participants, ensuring their experiences and perspectives were central to the data collected. This direct engagement proved invaluable, especially when exploring sensitive topics related to financial practices and internal group dynamics. Through this approach, the assessment aimed to offer a nuanced understanding of current VSLA practices and the motivations underpinning their variations. In the context of this study, variations refer to the distinct differences in approaches, outcomes, or practices observed among the groups, while deviations denote departures from the expected or standard methods prescribed by Titukulane, potentially indicating unique adaptations or challenges faced by certain groups.
Key Findings: VSLAs in both districts have adopted varied practices. Some VSLAs, for example, emphasize equal shares for every member, while others note disparities in contributions. Lending strategies, such as offering loans to non-members, also emerged, aiming to bolster financial inclusivity. However, such innovative strategies sometimes come with their own set of challenges, like difficulties in accurate record-keeping or financial strains from settling older debts using newer contributions. External influences, cultural beliefs, and regional dynamics also play key roles in these variations. Below is a complete list of the variations and deviations noted in the two districts:
• Shares and Savings: While some VSLAs continue to advocate for standardized shares per member to ensure equality, others experience disparities due to inconsistent contributions. For instance, in some groups members are allowed to purchase more than 5 shares at a time, with some purchasing up to 100 shares.
• Loan Practices: Innovative loan practices, including lending to non-members, aim to enhance financial inclusivity.
• Documentation and Record-Keeping: Challenges in maintaining accurate records are pervasive, with different approaches to record-keeping observed.
• Emergence of Digital Financing Platforms replacing cashboxes: In younger VSLA demographics, there's a rising adoption of digital financing platforms, such as Airtel Money and TNM Mpamba. However, this shift poses challenges for older members, who are less familiar with digital technologies.
• Religious and Cultural Adjustments: Deep-seated religious beliefs influence some VSLAs to refrain from charging interest.
• Influence of External Entities: VSLAs display adaptability and responsiveness to external influences, including NGOs and community initiatives.
• Group Dynamics: Many VSLAs have larger membership counts than recommended, possibly reflecting community resource pooling. Read More...
The Georgian Tea Sector: A Value Chain Study
The European Union is supporting rural development in Georgia through its European Neighbourhood Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development (ENPARD). Implemented since 2013, with a total budget of EUR 102 million in 2013-2019, the main goal of ENPARD is to reduce rural poverty in Georgia. The first phase of ENPARD in Georgia focused on developing the potential of agriculture. The second phase focuses on creating economic opportunities for rural population that go beyond agricultural activities. More information on ENPARD is available at: www.enpard.ge
The main goal of this study is to identify approaches through which the competitiveness of the Georgian tea sector can be improved. We analyze and describe the complete tea sector value chain in Georgia. To this end, we propose different policy approaches aimed at improving overall productivity in the sector. Read More...
The main goal of this study is to identify approaches through which the competitiveness of the Georgian tea sector can be improved. We analyze and describe the complete tea sector value chain in Georgia. To this end, we propose different policy approaches aimed at improving overall productivity in the sector. Read More...
Baseline Evaluation: Partners for Learning – P4L
Key results of the project evaluation
In the P4L intervention areas, we estimated that approximately 5.7 % 1 of children are out of school girls and boys (OOSGB) who come from most rural households (72%), in female-headed households (63%), and extremely poor and their education expenses consume a large part of their global expenses (59%). Most of the surveyed OOSGB are between the ages of 7-14 (66%) without a large difference regarding their sex (girls or boys).
The dropout situation was measured; it is estimated to at a level of 3% mostly in the rural areas (77%) and more frequent among older children from 15-17 years (6.6%). The reasons for non-enrollment or dropout are varied and among others we will mention: High domestic workload for the children; Children’s participation in agricultural activities; Lack of economic means to pay fees, material, textbooks, shoes, and/or uniform; Lack of identification documents (baptismal certificate / birth certificate / national ID) for enrolment; Repeated teacher absences, caused often by strike; Hunger (absence of school feeding program); Distance between home and school.
Main recommendations / perspectives
Considering the results obtained from the data analysis some keys actions are recommended such as more campaigns for providing a ID document to each children; more awareness campaigns to reduce children’s workload until the total elimination of the child labor exists; more awareness activities for enrolling children at the normal school age (5-6 years) regardless of their sex; sensitization for parents around community-based retention and consistent attendance of their children at school; and by increased support to families to raise their household income. Read More...
In the P4L intervention areas, we estimated that approximately 5.7 % 1 of children are out of school girls and boys (OOSGB) who come from most rural households (72%), in female-headed households (63%), and extremely poor and their education expenses consume a large part of their global expenses (59%). Most of the surveyed OOSGB are between the ages of 7-14 (66%) without a large difference regarding their sex (girls or boys).
The dropout situation was measured; it is estimated to at a level of 3% mostly in the rural areas (77%) and more frequent among older children from 15-17 years (6.6%). The reasons for non-enrollment or dropout are varied and among others we will mention: High domestic workload for the children; Children’s participation in agricultural activities; Lack of economic means to pay fees, material, textbooks, shoes, and/or uniform; Lack of identification documents (baptismal certificate / birth certificate / national ID) for enrolment; Repeated teacher absences, caused often by strike; Hunger (absence of school feeding program); Distance between home and school.
Main recommendations / perspectives
Considering the results obtained from the data analysis some keys actions are recommended such as more campaigns for providing a ID document to each children; more awareness campaigns to reduce children’s workload until the total elimination of the child labor exists; more awareness activities for enrolling children at the normal school age (5-6 years) regardless of their sex; sensitization for parents around community-based retention and consistent attendance of their children at school; and by increased support to families to raise their household income. Read More...